| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
106564
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| 2 |
ID:
106560
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| 3 |
ID:
153992
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| 4 |
ID:
151481
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| Summary/Abstract |
On Hainan, it is commonly believed that people who identify themselves as Han employ ritual masters (commonly known as daogong 道公) who use texts, while those who view themselves as Li employ the service of geba (no applicable Chinese characters) who do not. This paper argues that the use of Chinese ritual texts implies that the specialist possessing them belongs to a larger religious movement, while those specialists without texts emphasize their own powers as well as those of the masters who instructed them. At the same time, however, my historical and field research indicates that the use of texts has been spreading throughout the Five Finger Mountain region throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, thereby prompting significant changes towards hybrid rituals and the denial of any Li connection. While the ethnic differentiation (minzu shibie 民族識別) campaigns beginning in the 1950s have promoted a sense of ethnic identity, the growing use of written texts indicates that Li ritual practices have been converging with those of the Han.
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| 5 |
ID:
115004
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The recent heightening of the competition between China and its neighbors
over sovereignty, resources, and security in the South China Sea has drawn
the attention of diplomatic and military leaders from many countries that seek
to promote stability and security in these globally important waters. For states
that ring the South China Sea, its waters represent a zone of rich hydrocarbon
and protein resources that are increasingly dear on land as populations exhaust
their territories' ability to meet their increasing needs. This resource competition alone could be the basis of sharp-edged disputes between the claimants.
However, the South China Sea also represents the projection of the cultural consciousness of the centuries-long relationship that each coastal nation has had
with its adjoining seas. This fact fuels competing modern-day nationalist tendencies among claimant-state populations, tendencies that in turn magnify the
importance of the disputes and, during times of crisis, narrow the options for
quiet negotiation or de-escalation.
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