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| 1 |
ID:
152710
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| Summary/Abstract |
How do militaries decide policies regarding sex and sexual behavior? Are policies based on expert knowledge and correlated to military effectiveness? Is civilian intervention important in crafting military policies? This paper focuses on one specific type of military policy—that governing prostitution. It asks why militaries adopt particular policies regarding the use of prostitutes by their members. Examining two cases of professional militaries at war—Germany and the United States during World War II—it argues that professional military leaders came to different positions on prostitution based on intersecting gender, racial, and political norms in civilian society. The two militaries differed on policy not due to civilian intervention but rather as a result of different assessments of the influence of prostitution on military effectiveness. Those assessments of effectiveness were informed by the racial, gender, and political norms that permeated all of society, including the military.
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| 2 |
ID:
106801
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
As a key part of contemporary Japanese mass visual culture, manga has increasingly been used to shape popular perceptions of history. In recent years, there has been a great deal of discussion surrounding politically conservative and revisionist manga that distort the military's actions during Japan's wars throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In regard to the issue of enforced military prostitution, victims, activists, and scholars have found the depiction of so-called 'comfort women' as willing prostitutes or participants to be extremely offensive. Compared to these revisionist works, there are other artists who look to address and faithfully represent and depict the military prostitution issue in manga. Unlike their revisionist counterparts, these artists grapple with the inherent sensitivities of such an issue and struggle with ways to communicate the brutality of gendered violence. These works illustrate important similarities and differences in how artists structure and frame historical narratives in manga. More importantly, the works raise questions about the impossibility of adequately conveying the experiences of soldiers and victims during the war. They also serve as a reminder to the diversity of representations in contemporary Japanese discourse.
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