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ID: 192868

Pragmatic cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative: the Sino-Turkmen natural gas engagement / Liu, Qian; Wang, Xiaoguang ; Xue Lv

Liu, Qian	Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract

This article examines China’s ‘pragmatic cooperation’ approach in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) using the Sino-Turkmen natural gas engagement as a case study. The disputes between China and Turkmenistan about the natural gas pricing mechanism, supply and prospective development have worsened after the request for pragmatic cooperation within the BRI. This article suggests that depoliticized economic diplomacy – such as advocating for pragmatic cooperation – does not necessarily avoid political disputes. Instead, mutual awareness is the key to achieving a win–win result.

Key Words

Energy ; International Cooperation ; China ; Turkmenistan ; Belt and Road Initiative

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ID: 110247

Unemployment and labor force participation in urban China / Liu, Qian

Liu, Qian	Journal Article
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2012.

Summary/Abstract

This paper serves to document and analyze the employment and the labor market changes in urban China since the late 1980s. High and sustained GDP growth rates in China have paradoxically been accompanied by increasing unemployment rates and decreasing labor force participation rates. Using national representative micro data, estimations from logit models show that age, education, communist-party membership and marital status are significantly associated with participation in the labor force and employment opportunities, and the impacts of education and party membership have increased over time. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition finds little of the observed male-female differentials attributable to differences in characteristics such as age or education but to coefficient effects, a possible reflection of discrimination.

Key Words

China ; Unemployment ; Employment ; Urban Labor Market ; Labor Force

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