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ID: 110501

China has reached the Lewis turning point / Zhang, Xiaobo; Yang, Jin; Wang, Shenglin

Zhang, Xiaobo	Journal Article
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2011.

Summary/Abstract

In the past several years, labor shortage in China has become an emerging issue. However, there is heated debate on whether China has passed the Lewis turning point and entered a new era of labor shortage from a period of unlimited labor supply. Most empirical studies on this topic focus on the estimation of total labor supply and demand. Yet the poor quality of labor statistics leaves the debate open. In this paper, China's position along the Lewis continuum is examined though primary surveys of wage rates, a more reliable statistic than employment data. Our results show a clear rising trend of real wages rate since 2003. The acceleration of real wages even in slack seasons indicates that the era of surplus labor is over. This finding has important policy implications for China's future development model.

Key Words

Labor Market ; Dual Economy ; Surplus Labor ; Lewis Model

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ID: 192974

Economic development without rural–urban migration in Georgia / Beenstock, Michael

Beenstock, Michael	Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract

Against the prediction of developmental orthodoxy that urbanization is a necessary condition for economic development, since the mid-1990s Georgia and Armenia achieved sustained economic development without rural–urban migration. The experience of Georgia and Armenia is placed in the context of the relation between urbanization and development in other countries of Central Asia. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of Georgia, which shows that when the home consumption of rural smallholders is included in rural incomes, and when the increase in the urban cost-of-living relative to the rural cost-of-living is taken into consideration, the incentive to migrate from the countryside to the towns is greatly weakened.

Key Words

Economic Development ; Georgia ; Urbanization ; Lewis Model ; Rural – Urban Migration ; Cost - of - Living ;
Spatial General Equilibrium

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