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| 1 |
ID:
110719
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Transport is the second emitter of CO2 in the European Union, after the energy production sector, with constantly increased trend. European Union proposed the regulation 443/2009 to control the CO2 emissions from new passenger cars. According to that regulation, the average, for each car manufacturer, CO2 emissions of the new passenger cars registered in 2020 in European Union should not exceed the value of 95 g CO2/km on the New European Driving Cycle. In the present work the regulation 443/2009 is analyzed and a critique is addressed to four points. The first point concerns the average upper limit of CO2 emissions of each car manufacturer. The second point concerns the possible derogation for the low volume manufacturers and the third to the penalties for the extra CO2 emissions. The fourth point concerns the value of the proposed average upper limit of CO2 emissions and the possibility to be changed in the future. A change to the above points is proposed. The maximum decrease of CO2 emissions and the principle of equality of citizens are the two principles of our propositions for the CO2 regulations.
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| 2 |
ID:
168330
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| Summary/Abstract |
In this study the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is applied to determine the technical efficiency (TE) index of the G7 countries, when variable returns to scale (VRS) hold for the entire period under consideration (1993–2016). As inputs labor and capital are used while we utilize GDP as output. In the second stage of our analysis the DEA bootstrap approach along the lines of Simar and Wilson (2007) is applied to deal with the disadvantages of a non-parametric DEA set up. Through this procedure we investigate the relationship between the efficiency evaluation of DMUs as calculated by the DEA method, in the first stage of our analysis, and the variables of arable land, total greenhouse gas emissions and total primary energy consumption. In addition, for these variables and through the estimated regression coefficients, elasticities and marginal effects of both TE and GDP index are calculated.
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| 3 |
ID:
119817
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the present study, Data Envelopment Analysis is used to determine the Technical Efficiency index of EU-15 countries from 1980 to 2008, using cross-country comparison. Technical Efficiency index represents the capacity of an economy to produce a higher level of Gross Domestic Product for a given level of total energy input. The level of the Technical Efficiency index is determined from the energy mix (fossil fuels, non-fossil fuels, nuclear energy) of each country and depends on the maximization level of the production of the Gross Domestic Product of the economic system, without waste of energy resources. The current study is applied in the case of the EU15 countries. Its scope is to highlight the differentiations of country classifications before and after the integration of nuclear energy in the energy mix of each country. The main result is that the integration of nuclear energy as an additional input in the energy mixture affects negatively the Technical Efficiency of countries. Also, when an economy achieves a decrease of the energy consumption produced from fossil fuels, and a better exploitation of renewable energy sources, clearly improves its capacity to produce more output with the given levels of inputs.
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