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| 1 |
ID:
111251
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The revolts known collectively as the Arab Spring are largely reactions of alienated populations to the closed economic and political systems that prevail in the Middle East. Revolutions in individual countries have differed because of the differing status of the military, sectarian divisions, and mineral wealth. The prospect of peaceful political change reduces the appeal of extremist ideologies, but extremists still could make inroads to the extent that high popular hopes are dashed. Democracy will need a long time to take root in Arab political cultures.
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| 2 |
ID:
111252
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In its essence, the Arab Spring is about "being Arab," in the words of the late Lebanese journalist Samir Kassir. This essay explores the two fold meaning of this Arab awakening as the emergence of a homogeneous yet plural field of Arab culture and its integration into the mosaic of global culture. Also assessed are America's careful and selective search for relevancy in this veritable revolution sweeping across the Middle East, the impact of fast-moving events on the US-Israel relationship, and the long-term significance of the Arab Spring for future American policy in the region.
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| 3 |
ID:
111253
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Arab Spring has affected interests of the Western democracies in the Middle and Near Eastern nations, and the instability will compel changes in American policies for the region. There have been political revisions and in some cases nontraditional modifications in moribund autocracies and dictatorships across the Arab world, reaching to the Arab and Persian Gulfs. The awakening has been enervated by violent responses from more cohesive and profound dictatorships in Syria and Libya, but the "leaderless" model of the awakening can quickly bring together disparate groups working toward a common goal. As the process across the Arab world unfolds, American interests will need to be addressed in ways different from the past. New American wars will not be a promising option. The region's challenges require a serious and consistent policy toward resolving the core issues of instability, and that includes overcoming domestic opinion and lobbies that work against a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine. The current demographic prospect is that Israel will lose its Zionist hopes by the forced integration of Palestinians who have lost their own hope of a viable and independent nation.
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| 4 |
ID:
111250
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2011.
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This essay reflects the guiding principles, laid out by one of its architects, of the new nation of South Sudan - a nation that assumed its place in the world community on 9 July 2011.
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| 5 |
ID:
111254
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2011.
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This essay is written from the perspective of inside observers who had regular access to many of the main Greek political and economic players from the era of Andreas Papandreou to the present administration of George Papandreou. One or the other of the authors was working in Greece in senior positions at the US Embassy in Athens with few interruptions from the mid-1980s to the early twenty-first century.
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| 6 |
ID:
111256
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2011.
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At the turn of the twenty-first century, when Fidel Castro remained one of the world's few traditional communist leaders and his relations with the Catholic Church were frosty, the archbishop of the Orthodox Church of North and South America was invited to inaugurate a new church in Havana. This essay traces the origins of this event and places it in the context of communist Cuba's history and its relations with religious institutions.
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| 7 |
ID:
111255
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| Publication |
2011.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Baath Party has ruled Syria with an iron fist since the 1960s, curbing civil liberties and imprisoning and executing anyone who dared oppose its rule. A major anti-Baath struggle erupted in the 1980s as Syrians rebelled, trying to topple the repressive regime. The ruling party violently suppressed dissidents and maintained its death grip on power. The 2011 public uprising against the regime was significant in its countrywide scope. Inspired by the fight of people throughout the Arab world, it challenged the authority of the despotic leader. Disenchanted Syrians organized protest rallies, demanding demonstrable change and freedom and an end to decades of repressive rule - a struggle whose successful conclusion depends on the resiliency of oppressed and dispossessed Syrians and the alignment of their cause to the self-serving interests of foreign parties able to lend them support in their struggle against the Baathist rule.
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