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| 1 |
ID:
111357
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The twelfth five-year plan (FYP) endorsed by the People's National Congress in March 2011 plays a crucial role in shaping China's development trajectory over the next decades , and especially for the fulfillment of the 40-45 carbon intensity reduction target by 2020. The plan will condition both the medium and long term perspectives of economic restructuring, rebalance between the inclusive economic growth and environmental objectives, which are compounded by multiple constraints faced by China such as aging population, natural resources depletion, energy supply security and environmental deterioration. This article investigates the major energy and climate targets and actions specified in the 12th FYP to gain insights into the nature and magnitude of challenges and difficulties with regard to the medium and long run economic and environmental policies. It points out that China should articulate sectoral policies with the global climate mitigation targets to avoid long term carbon lock-in. Based on an in-depth analysis of the objectives in the plan, it is argued that the implementation should include mainstreaming developments of appropriate instruments to support cost-effective energy efficiency improvements and carbon intensity reduction in the next five years.
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| 2 |
ID:
115178
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's Central government established national goals to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 10% in both the 10th and 11th Five-year Plan periods, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010, respectively. But the early policies were unsuccessful at reducing emissions-emissions increased 28% during the 10th Five-year Plan. After adapting a number of policies and introducing new instruments during the 11th Five-year Plan, SO2 emissions declined by 14%. We examine the evolution of these policies, their interplay with technical and institutional factors, and capture lessons from the 11th Five-year Plan to guide future pollution control programs. We find that several factors contributed to achievement of the 11th Five-year Plan SO2 reduction goal: (1) instrument choice, (2) political accountability, (3) emission verification, (4) political support, (5) streamlined targets, and (6) political and financial incentives. The approach integrated multiple policy instruments-market-based, command-and-control, and administrative instruments specific to the Chinese context. The evolution of SO2 reduction policies and programs has implications for further SO2 reductions from power plants and other sources, as well as control of other atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in China.
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