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ID: 144936

Basic conceptual approaches to the U.S. and Russian strategic ABM systems / Antsupov, O I ; Zhikharev, A S

O.I. ANTSUPOV	Article
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Summary/Abstract

The authors offer a comparative analysis of the approaches taken in Russia (U.S.S.R.) and the United States to the deployment of their strategic antiballistic missile defense systems, and survey the major stages of ABM system development. They show the influence the U.S. military doctrine has exercised on the formation of the country's ABM defense and its intention to take advantage of the new world order to use its ABM system for a different purpose instead - delivering a first nuclear missile strike with impunity.

Key Words

Missile Defense ; Strategic Defense Initiative ; ABM Treaty ; Strategic Stability ; Development Stages ; Global Domination Strategy

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ID: 112907

Impacts of urbanization on national transport and road energy u: evidence from low, middle and high income countries / Poumanyvong, Phetkeo; Kaneko, Shinji; Dhakal, Shobhakar

Dhakal, Shobhakar	Journal Article
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2012.

Summary/Abstract

Few attempts have been made to investigate quantitatively and systematically the impact of urbanization on transport energy use for countries of different stages of economic development. This paper examines the influence of urbanization on national transport and road energy use for low, middle and high income countries during 1975-2005, using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. After controlling for population size, income per capita and the share of services in the economy, the main results suggest that urbanization influences national transport and road energy use positively. However, the magnitude of its influence varies among the three income groups. Changes in urbanization appear to have a greater impact on transport and road energy use in the high income group than in the other groups. Surprisingly, the urbanization elasticities of transport and road energy use in the middle income group are smaller than those of the low income group. This study not only sheds further light on the existing literature, but also provides policy makers with insightful information on the link between urbanization and transport energy use at the three different stages of development.

Key Words

Urbanization ; Transport Energy Use ; Development Stages

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