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| 1 |
ID:
113363
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2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article analyses Middle Eastern authoritarianism and the contemporary political transformations which have swept the region. It suggests that, given the uneven spread of reform and the selectiveness of international intervention, the prioritisation of Middle Eastern stability over democratic transformation, combined with local authoritarian regimes' ability to use excessive force against their own populations and insurgents, are responsible for the persistence of the Middle East's post-cold war authoritarianism. The recent uprisings and reform movements can be explained from the perspective of historical grievance, based on social inequality and ethnic, sectarian, tribal or sectional disparities, as well as by advancements in communications technology and economic globalisation that have undermined long-standing national authoritarianism in favour of Middle Eastern civil rights and civil society movements. A global democratic consciousness has played a decisive role in providing ideological cohesiveness and (uneven) global political support to safeguard the collective action of the new civil rights movements. Recognising that democracy itself may have characteristic regional forms with greater and lesser tinges of recurrent authoritarianism, Middle Eastern democratic transformation hinges on the ability of these burgeoning movements to achieve a civic state and overcome authoritarian counter-resistance and international suspicion and fear.
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| 2 |
ID:
125015
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
BY THE TURN OF THE CENTURY, the developing countries, or at least many of them, were demonstrating impressive economic dynamics which finally made them global political players. This shift of historic dimensions can be described as a great geopolitical and geoeconomic revolution and the most impressive features of international relations; it will extend into the next few decades, in the very least.
Asia, in the very heart of the process, demonstrates all these trends; the Asian countries are better described as pioneers ("forwards") and the main moving force. The scope and scale of its economic and political transformations and its strong and strengthening foreign policy positions cannot but amaze.
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