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ID: 113461

Breaks and trends in OECD countries' energy–GDP ratios / Liddle, Brantley

Liddle, Brantley	Journal Article
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2012.

Summary/Abstract

This paper uses the econometrics of endogenous structural breaks to examine changes in energy intensity trends for OECD countries over 1960-2009. Nearly all OECD countries currently have significant negatively trending energy-GDP ratios; but for several countries those negative trends are recent, and two countries have recent significant positive trends. For several countries, energy intensity had a significant positive trend followed by a break and then a significant negative trend. Those break-dates, however, appear to have little to do with level of development (GDP per capita). Alternatively, the volatile energy prices of the 1970s and early 1980s played a role in many of the countries that experienced inverted-V breaks. These findings have implications for future modeling and forecasting of energy consumption as well as for the role of energy price policy in developed and developing countries.

Key Words

Energy Intensity ; Endogenous Structural Breaks ; Oil Crises

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ID: 174953

Evaluating consumption and cost savings from new air-conditioner purchases: the case of Singapore / Liddle, Brantley

Liddle, Brantley	Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract

Air conditioning (AC) is a major source of household electricity consumption in Singapore and there is evidence that the efficiency of ACs could be improved substantially. Employing 45 months of energy bills and survey data and the Fixed Effects difference-in-differences estimator, we calculated a savings of 7.8% of total energy consumption after the purchase of a more efficient AC compared to an estimated expected savings of 12.6%. This suggests a rebound or take-back of savings around 38.2%. Such a less-than-100% of theoretical savings achieved is in line with other (outside Singapore) estimates and economic/behavioural theory since after purchasing a new AC, households may (i) use a lower temperature setting or (ii) use the AC longer in order to (1) fulfil (previously) unmet demand and/or (2) respond to the effective lower costs of running the AC. Our results have implications for both energy efficiency labelling policies and for Singapore's recently implemented carbon tax.

Key Words

Energy Efficiency ; Data ; Rebound Effect ; Household Survey ; Air-Conditioners ; Difference-In-Difference Estimation

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