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| 1 |
ID:
161888
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| Summary/Abstract |
The incompatibility of female time allocation between labor supply and child care has been one of the explanations of low fertility rate experienced by many countries. Non-parental care, especially that from grandparents or formal care, helps alleviate the constraint females facing and thus permits the families to have more children. Extending from the theoretical framework in Ermisch (1989), this study incorporates grandparents' health status to provide a theoretical justification for its effect on family size. Based on the data taken from the Panel Study of Chinese Family Dynamics (PSFD) from 2006 to 2011, it is found that grandparents in different age groups exhibit differential influence on family fertility decisions. Specifically, healthy grandparents in the 55–64 age group are found to have a persistent and positive impact on the family's probability of having more children as predicted by the theoretical model. Nonetheless, when grandparents' health effect is compounded by the age effect, more elderly healthy grandparents in the 75-and-up group will reduce the couple's desire for more children. This negative effect can be explained by the couple's consideration of lower childcare quality and larger age gaps leading to great differences in the childcare ideas. The number of healthy grandmothers are found to have an even greater influence on family fertility decisions, suggesting grandmothers still take the major responsibility of childcare in the family and thus constitute an absolutely crucial resource in the Chinese society.
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| 2 |
ID:
113931
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
It is often assumed that, when citizens do not oppose pollution, it is due to their ignorance of its effects or to structural barriers to change. This article argues that a sense that pollution is inevitable is also a major obstacle. We outline the gradual formation of environmental subjects who have learnt to value their environment in ways consonant with the seemingly inevitable presence of pollution. We argue that perceptions of inevitability were produced by: (1) the subordination of villagers to their leaders and the dependence of both on local industries; (2) experiences with protests; and (3) the framing of the exploitation of local resources as part of a broader national project of development. This study sheds light on the study of environmental protests in China by illustrating how parameters for contention come into being and how they are intertwined with the governance of the village and of the environment.
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