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ID: 143391

Can money ‘buy’ schooling achievement? evidence from 19 Chinese cities / Zhao, Guochang

ZHAO, Guochang	Article
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Summary/Abstract

This paper examines the causal effect of private tutoring on Chinese and mathematics test scores of primary school students in urban China. Because the unobserved determinants of schooling achievement often also influence private tutoring expenditure, the OLS estimate cannot provide a consistent estimate. This paper adopts a heteroskedasticity-based identification strategy proposed by Lewbel (2012) to handle this problem. These estimation results show that, on average, private tutoring expenditure has small but statistically significant effect on the mathematics test score of primary school students, but has no statistically significant effect on the Chinese test score. A 1000 yuan increase in private tutoring expenditure (i.e. 54% of a standard deviation) raises the primary school students' mathematics test score by 1.07 percentage point (i.e. 15% of a standard deviation). The instrumental variable quantile regression combining with Lewbel IV suggests that private tutoring is more likely to improve student achievement at the bottom end of test score distribution. When moving upward to the top end, the effect becomes smaller and even negative although not significant.

Key Words

Heteroskedasticity ; Private Tutoring ; Shadow Education ; Supplementary Education ; Schooling Achievement

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ID: 115202

Democratic inefficiency? regime type and suboptimal choices in / Bas, Muhammet A

Bas, Muhammet A	Journal Article
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Publication

2012.

Summary/Abstract

This article examines the relationship between regime type and decision makers' tendency to make suboptimal choices in international crises. To test hypotheses on the optimality of democratic foreign policy, the author uses a novel statistical measure of suboptimality in foreign policy behavior. This estimator builds on Signorino's statistical strategic models to allow for actor-level variation in deviations from optimal behavior in a strategic setting. An analysis of the international disputes from 1919 to 1999 shows that democratic leaders have a greater tendency to choose policies not optimal for their citizens than do nondemocratic leaders.

Key Words

Interstate Conflict ; Suboptimal Choices ; Strategic Models ; Heteroskedasticity

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ID: 132659

Is monthly US natural gas consumption stationary: new evidence from a GARCH unit root test with structural breaks / Mishra, Vinod; Smyth, Russell

Smyth, Russell	Journal Article
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Publication	2014.
Summary/Abstract	We apply a recently developed unit root test that simultaneously accounts for heteroskedasticity and structural breaks to United States monthly natural gas consumption. We find that United States monthly natural gas consumption is stationary. Our results illustrate the importance of accounting for heteroskedasticity when testing for a unit root in energy consumption with higher frequency data.

Key Words

Natural Gas ; United States ; Energy Consumption ; GARCH ; Natural Gas Consumption ; Unit Root ;
Heteroskedasticity ; Simultaneously Accounts

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