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ENVIRONMENTAL INPUT - OUTPUT ANALYSIS (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   116719


Environmental tax on products and services based on their carbo: a case study of the pulp and paper sector / Gemechu, E D; Butnar, I; Llop, M; Castells, F   Journal Article
Gemechu, E D Journal Article
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Publication 2012.
Summary/Abstract The main aim of this work is to define an environmental tax on products based on their carbon footprint. We examine the relevance of life cycle analysis (LCA) and environmentally extended input-output analysis (EIO) as methodological tools for identifying the emission intensities on which the tax is based. The price effects of the tax and the policy implications of considering non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHG) are also analyzed. The results from the case study on pulp production show that the environmental tax rate based on LCA (1.8%) is higher than both EIO approaches (0.8 and 1.4% for product and industry, respectively), but they are of the same order of magnitude. Although LCA is more product specific and provides a more detailed analysis, we recommend EIO as a more relevant approach to applying an economy-wide environmental tax. If an environmental tax were applied to non-CO2 GHG instead to CO2 alone, the tax would greatly affects sectors such as agriculture, mining of coal, extraction of peat, and food. Therefore, it is worthwhile for policy-makers to pay attention to the implications of considering either a CO2 tax or a global GHG emissions tax in order to make their policy measures effective and meaningful.
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2
ID:   121268


Input–output analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in trade: competitive versus non-competitive imports / Bin Su; Ang, B W   Journal Article
Ang, B W Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract Energy-related CO2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input-output framework. In the literature two different approaches to deal with emissions embodied in a country's imports can be found. One of the approaches is based on the assumption of competitive imports while the other is based on the assumption of non-competitive imports. We show that the implications of the results obtained using different imports assumptions are not the same. The approach using the competitive imports assumption gives estimates larger than those obtained using the non-competitive import assumption. The differences between the two embodiment estimates come from the transition of embodied emissions in China's imports for intermediate consumption to those in China's exports. This explains why relatively high estimates of CO2 emissions embodied in China's exports are reported in several recent studies appearing in Energy Policy.
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