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| 1 |
ID:
146562
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| 2 |
ID:
098614
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| Publication |
2010.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 requires life-cycle assessment (LCA) for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from expanded U.S. biofuel production. To qualify under the Renewable Fuel Standard, cellulosic ethanol and new corn ethanol must demonstrate 60% and 20% lower emissions than petroleum fuels, respectively. A combined corn-grain and corn-stover ethanol system could potentially satisfy a major portion of renewable fuel production goals. This work examines multiple LCA allocation procedures for a hypothetical system producing ethanol from both corn grain and corn stover. Allocation choice is known to strongly influence GHG emission results for corn-ethanol. Stover-derived ethanol production further complicates allocation practices because additional products result from the same corn production system. This study measures the carbon intensity of ethanol fuels against EISA limits using multiple allocation approaches. Allocation decisions are shown to be paramount. Under varying approaches, carbon intensity for corn ethanol was 36-79% that of gasoline, while carbon intensity for stover-derived ethanol was -10% to 44% that of gasoline. Producing corn-stover ethanol dramatically reduced carbon intensity for corn-grain ethanol, because substantially more ethanol is produced with only minor increases in emissions. Regulatory considerations for applying LCA are discussed.
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| 3 |
ID:
126490
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
One of the actions proposed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Africa (SA) is to install carbon capture and storage (CCS) at new energy-producing plants. This paper aims to evaluate the costs and GHG emissions of implementing CCS at a coal-fired integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant, at a coal fired ultra-supercritical (USC) power plant, at a synthetic fuel coal-to-liquid (CTL) plant and at a gas-to-liquid (GTL) plant for SA. The approach for comparing of these CCS applications is based on a combination of a techno-economic analysis with a life-cycle assessment. As expected, the generating costs in plants with CCS are higher than without CCS for all case studies. GHG-abatement costs in 2040 are shown to be the lowest for the IGCC power plant at 173 ZAR07/t CO2eq, followed by the USC power plant at 227 ZAR07/t CO2eq. These costs are considerably higher for the CTL and GTL plants. The results show that from an economic perspective, CCS might be an attractive option for CO2 mitigation in SA especially for the electricity sector. However, a prerequisite for the implementation of CCS is that the technology reaches commercial scale for the investigated options and is socially accepted.
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| 4 |
ID:
119300
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| 5 |
ID:
150631
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| 6 |
ID:
175005
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| Summary/Abstract |
Natural gas, as the cleanest burning of the fossil fuels is expected to play a significant role in India's future energy mix. This paper presents a modelling approach to quantify the economic and environmental impacts of natural gas utilisation by various sectors in India while the production of domestically sourced natural gas is in decline. One of the most important sectors is the use of natural gas for cooking where the benefits are also evaluated. The long-term impacts of a reducing domestic gas supply is assessed by using the resource-substitution methodology along with a dynamic resource-depletion indicator that is based on decision-making viewpoints. The results show that the replacement of domestic gas with black coal resulted in an increase under the climate change category by 162%, 202% and 234% for the individualist, hierarchist and egalitarian viewpoints, respectively. The paper highlights the prospects for natural gas in India and shows that the growing demand for gas can be met through imports, but it has associated economic and environmental impacts. Further, the paper presents suitable recommendations including policy-related changes such as carbon pricing and subsidy provision schemes to ensure that the growth of the Indian gas market is sustainable.
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| 7 |
ID:
130157
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| 8 |
ID:
092789
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
District heating is a technology for distributing centrally produced heat for space heating and sanitary hot-water generation for residential and commercial uses. The objectives are to identify which subsystems and components of a district heating grid are the main contributors to the overall impact of the infrastructure; and provide environmentally oriented design strategies for the future eco-redesign of these kinds of infrastructures. This paper performs a life-cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the environmental impacts of a district heating infrastructure in an urban neighbourhood context. The analysis covers seven subsystems (power plant, main grid, auxiliary components of the main grid, trench works, service pipes, buildings and dwellings) and twelve standard components. The results for the subsystems show that the sources of impact are not particularly located in the main grid (less than 7.1% contribution in all impact categories), which is the focus of attention in the literature, but in the power plants and dwelling components. These two subsystems together contribute from 40% to 92% to the overall impact depending on the impact categories. Concerning the components, only a reduced number are responsible for the majority of the environmental impact. This facilitates identifying effective strategies for the redesign of the infrastructure.
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| 9 |
ID:
119365
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| 10 |
ID:
122202
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| 11 |
ID:
102189
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| 12 |
ID:
092746
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| Publication |
2009.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The sustainability of biofuels, including the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction that they achieve, is getting increased attention. Life cycle analyses (LCAs) of biofuels production routes show that the GHG savings may vary significantly for different biofuels. An increasing number of governments are therefore looking for options to differentiate between biofuels according to their actual GHG savings. Accurate calculations of GHG savings thus become increasingly important. This paper deals with an omission of current LCAs for ethanol and ETBE blends, which leads to an underestimation of their calculated GHG savings. Current studies do not take into account that refiners will adjust their refinery operation when bioethanol or ETBE is added, because of the different characteristics of these products. The analysis indicates that the net effect of these refinery modifications on the GHG savings is positive, i.e. GHG-emissions reduce in both cases. The emission reduction is highest in the case of ETBE. We recommend to include this effect in future LCA calculations for ethanol and ETBE. As the calculation model used for this study is only a simplified representation of the EU refinery sector, we also advise to perform a more detailed analysis of these effects using more elaborate refinery models.
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| 13 |
ID:
102212
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| 14 |
ID:
020800
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| Publication |
Feb 2002.
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| Description |
36-38
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| 15 |
ID:
130158
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
ID:
137874
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| Summary/Abstract |
By Atul Chandra
As the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme slowly builds the momentum on the Tejas Mk1 for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and LCA Navy Mk1 for the Indian Navy (it is yet to name the aircraft), development of the Mk2 variants is where the focus must shift for the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), while Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) tackles ramping up production for speedy induction of the LCA Mk1 variants into service.
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| 18 |
ID:
102191
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| 19 |
ID:
129949
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| 20 |
ID:
102310
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