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| 1 |
ID:
147921
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| Summary/Abstract |
Producing a Global Strategy document for the European Union is a pretty complex exercise in multilateral diplomacy. Those who drafted the EUGS undoubtedly found themselves engaged in a consensus-building operation that inevitably results in toning down one version of the document after another until all member states are satisfied. With much sympathy for the authors and for the key coordinator’s efforts in particular, my remarks will be based on the resulting document.
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| 2 |
ID:
131498
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article argues that when democracy is not yet institutionalized, leaders have little incentive to push for clean elections, in part because they are likely to face accusations of fraud from domestic opposition groups regardless of their true behavior. Reputable international election observers can facilitate self-enforcing democracy by providing credible information about the quality of elections, thus increasing citizens' ability to coordinate against the regime when election fraud occurs, and discrediting "sore loser" protests. Patterns of postelection protests are consistent with the argument, including that postelection protests are more likely and last longer following negative reports from international observers. International election observers help promote democracy by making postelection protest more accurate in the short term, thereby increasing incentives for leaders to hold democratic elections in the long term.
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| 3 |
ID:
121565
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
CARL GERSHMAN has the confident air of a man who knows his importance in Washington. As president of the congressionally funded National Endowment for Democracy (NED), he oversees an organization of 171 employees. In 2012, his organization dispensed approximately 1,236 grants, averaging some $50,000 each-a total of close to $62 million-to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in ninety-two countries.
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