| Summary/Abstract |
How did the National Security Agency (NSA) adopt the practice of
hacking? This paper explores how NSA confronted the digital age by
focusing on arguably NSA’s key organizational innovation as a microcosm of these broader changes: the Office of Tailored Access Operations
(TAO). This paper develops a pragmatist model of organizational change
showing how the practice of hacking became a practical solution to deal
with the problems posed by a globally networked world through TAO’s
case history. TAO’s aggressive expansion by developing a scalable
Computer Network Exploitation (CNE) architecture was designed to
keep NSA relevant in the twenty-first century
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