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PORK-BARREL (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   124325


National subversion of supranational goals: pork-barrel politics and EU regional aid / Bloom, Stephen; Petrova, Vladislava   Journal Article
Bloom, Stephen Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract The structural funds were designed to give the European Commission supranational control over where regional aid was spent. In this article, we argue that domestic 'pork-barrel' politics determine which regions are awarded regional aid in the new member states of Eastern Europe. Support for our argument comes from a dataset that includes 1,688 European Regional Development Fund grants to Latvia's 118 regions and 1,533 pre-accession Phare awards to Bulgaria's 264 municipalities. In both Bulgaria and Latvia, we find that regional aid projects went to wealthier not poorer localities, and to those that supported coalition parties in the previous election.
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2
ID:   165249


Political parties and federally structured incentives in Indian politics: the case of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) / Manikandan, C; Wyatt, Andrew   Journal Article
Wyatt, Andrew Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Political parties in India operate in a federal system. The incentives that encourage parties to form and seek office have a federal structure. Changes in India’s multilevel political system have accommodated the growth of new parties. At the national level small parties have had many opportunities since 1989 to participate in national coalitions. The Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), as a small party, has responded to this federal incentive structure. The PMK has been excluded from government in its home state of Tamil Nadu but was frequently a coalition partner of the union government between 1998 and 2009 (being rewarded with cabinet posts). An emerging party leader, Anbumani Ramadoss used his ministerial experience at the centre to enhance his image and prepare for a larger role at the state level. This article shows how fragmentation of the national party system and the different levels of the federal system gives opportunities to small parties to develop.
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