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INDONESIAN MILITARY (3) answer(s).
 
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ID:   124524


Assessing military reform in Indonesia / Sebastian, Leonard C; Gindarsah, Iis   Journal Article
Sebastian, Leonard C Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract This article seeks to assess the magnitude of military reform in Indonesia and its impact in establishing greater levels of professionalism within the armed forces. To this end, the authors will offer some reflections on the studies of civil-military relations and military transformation for inculcating a higher degree of military professionalism; analyse to what extent the process of military reform in Indonesia has reshaped the institutional role of the armed forces; and discern three major strategic gaps in Indonesia's military reform, namely the "legal loopholes and regulation vacuum," the "shortcomings of democratic civilian control," and the "defence-economic gap." This article asserts that military professionalism will grow more substantially depending on the ability of civilian elites to exercise effective control over the military and the capacity of the government to transform the military establishment keeping pace with strategic challenges and operational requirements.
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2
ID:   183456


Indonesia’s war against East Timor: how it ended / Fernandes, Clinton   Journal Article
Fernandes, Clinton Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 and occupied it for the next 24 years with the military and diplomatic support of major powers. Despite its insistence that its annexation was irreversible, Indonesia was forced to withdraw in 1999, resulting in an independent East Timor. This article explains how the 24-year war against East Timor ended by analysing the three pillars on which Indonesia’s control rested: its military superiority over the East Timorese resistance; the support of the international community; and its determination to retain the territory. Indonesia’s overwhelming military superiority persisted until the very end. East Timorese resistance and international solidarity weakened international support for the occupation. Indonesia’s determination to retain the territory underwent a complete reversal over the course of 1999. The East Timorese resistance was successful although they lacked a land border with a friendly state, an external supplier of weapons, or a liberated area in which to recover between guerrilla operations.
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3
ID:   184912


Military in the politics of developing nations: the political orientation and involvement of the Indonesian military, 1945-1978 / Gill, Veena   Journal Article
Gill, Veena Journal Article
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