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| 1 |
ID:
126653
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
As Professor Ian Brown's recent work on the colonial prison in British Burma has shown, the proportion of the population convicted of crimes was routinely and markedly higher than in any other province of British India. Part of the explanation for the exceptionally high figures may be the colonial criminalization of practices that were previously lawful. Gambling was one such activity that the British, at least according to their rhetoric, were intent on prohibiting as part of their 'civilizing mission'. However, in practice colonial law was more ambiguous and equivocal. Government prosecutors and judges disputed the definition of gambling and struggled to differentiate it from other tolerated practices. Beyond these legal difficulties, individual British officials often found it necessary to turn a blind eye to gambling. On an everyday level, subordinate officials in the police and magistracy had an ambivalent relationship with gambling. Although empowered to suppress it, some chose to ignore its presence and others still were actively conniving with it. By studying how the British sought to control gambling in the colony at the turn of the twentieth century, this article seeks to restore the full complexity to the history of criminality in colonial Burma.
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| 2 |
ID:
186627
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| Summary/Abstract |
The article provides supporting evidence of organized labour transfers of Turkic minorities, primarily Uyghurs, from Xinjiang to other regions in China. From a theoretical point of view, the article places these transfers in the context of the efforts by China’s authorities to ‘civilize’ and forcibly assimilate ethnic minorities, reminiscent of ‘civilizing missions’ carried out by colonizing nations in the past. The article presents an analysis of official Chinese documents and media reports and a content analysis of almost 80 unofficial online posts ‘offering’ ethnic minority labourers. The analysis reveals that at least 60,000 labourers could be ‘offered’ for transfers outside Xinjiang in the course of 2020 alone, thus suggesting that the scope of transfers has significantly intensified.
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