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ID:
170755
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| Summary/Abstract |
In conflicts between a state and a non-state actor, such as a paramilitary or terrorist organization, when no official diplomatic relations and recognition exists, there is a need for actors who can serve as a “diplomatic avant-garde.” This article identifies a diplomatic pattern in which breakthroughs occur through cooperative work between two types of actors: unofficial citizen diplomats and key figures in intelligence bodies. Each actor brings specific resources: unofficial actors have contacts with the non-state actor, while intelligence officers can offer backing from within the official system of the state. The article analyzes the topic using three case studies: Brendan Duddy and the MI6 officer Michael Oatley (UK and the Provisional IRA, 1975–1993); Willie Esterhuyse and the head of the South African National Intelligence Service, Neil Barnard (South African government and the ANC, 1987– 1990); and Gershon Baskin and the Mossad official David Meidan (Israel and Hamas, 2011). This study examines the unique relations between these two types of actors and how their collaboration promoted negotiations with non-state armed actors. It analyzes three stages: establishment of contact between these actors, persuasion of the relevant parties, and the breakthrough moment when talks shifted to an official back channel.
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| 2 |
ID:
126942
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| Publication |
2012.
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| Summary/Abstract |
It would be foolish to assume that "peace" has been fully embedded in Northern Ireland following 30 years of conflict and more than a decade of implementing the Agreement of 1998. There remains is Belfast, for example, more than 80 "peace walls"- a euphemism for barriers to prevent sectarian confrontation; dissident republican activity has still not been fully contained; many from the Protestant working class feel that their community has missed out on an alleged peace dividend; and the habits of conflict endure in many communities. Northern Ireland continues to be a divided society, and it remains to be proven that a strategy for societal-level reconciliation has been put in place. In particular, one of the recurring debates is concerned with dealing effectively with the past, and it is patently obvious that there is no consensus on how the wounds and traumas of the past are to be addressed.
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