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| 1 |
ID:
127497
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
CELEBRATIONS took place in August 2013 in the Czech Republic and Russia to mark 200 years since the victory in the Battle of Kulm by the allied forces of Russia, Austria and Prussia over Napoleon's forces.
In order to put in perspective this seemingly local and almost forgotten battle in 1813, where valiant Russian soldiers played a decisive part, let us make a brief historical digression to the now distant period that preceded the fighting at Kulm on 29-30 August 1813 and at Leipzig on October 16-18, 1813.
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| 2 |
ID:
127487
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE SOVIET Chief Engineering Directorate (GIU, now FSVTS - the Russian Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation) was established in accordance with the USSR Council of Ministers Resolution No. 6749 of May 8, 1953. Colonel-General G.S. Sidorovich became the first chief of the GIU with a staff of 238 (160 army officers and 78 civilian employees), his deputies being Engineer Colonel M.A. Sergeychik and Rear Admiral G.V. Yurin.1
Of course, Soviet cooperation with foreign countries in the military-technical sphere had begun long before that, although perhaps it was from this time that it began to directly influence the foreign policy of our country.
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| 3 |
ID:
127486
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN TODAY'S DISCUSSIONS on ethno-political conflicts, Abkhazia and South Ossetia are as a rule considered together. Meanwhile, this approach is fraught with too strong a simplification. After all, the two republics, which have broken away from Georgia, have had very different paths to self-determination.
In the Soviet period, Abkhazia was much more poorly integrated into the social, political and cultural space of the Georgian SSR, compared with South Ossetia. Beginning in 1931, the Abkhaz ASSR from time to time witnessed calls for secession from Georgia and the creation of either a separate Union Republic, or for entry into the RSFSR.
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| 4 |
ID:
127477
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2013.
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WORLD GEOPOLITICS has entered another post-crisis period which will create a much greater interest in developing economies and regions. The biggest world powers not so long ago holding forth about the Anglo-American liberal economic model as allegedly better suited to navigate the stormy sea of globalization lost the battle. Today, Central Asia (an umbrella term for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) which has not yet exhausted its natural riches came to the fore as one of the promising developing regions.
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| 5 |
ID:
127492
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN GERMANY and outside it, the media spoke and wrote about the results of the German federal elections of September 22, 2013 as a personal triumph of Angela Merkel, the FRG Chancellor since 2005. Journalists hastened to tag her the "Chancellor of Europe." But was she really?
In 2009 and 2013, Angela Merkel led her party to federal elections under the slogan of a right-center coalition (which she personally preferred) with the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) which had moved further right on economic issues. In 2009, the German burghers frightened to death by the global financial crisis and financial collapse of several of the Eurozone countries preferred not to change horses in midstream: they voted Merkel. The 2009 elections, however, are better described as a triumph of Free Democrats who showed the historically best 14.8%. Those who voted FDP believed that the "bourgeois-minded" parties are much better suited to look after the country's economy than the "spendthrift" left. The FDP even promised lower taxes on businesses and natural persons.
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| 6 |
ID:
127478
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN RECENT YEARS, there has been a surge of international interest in Africa, not long ago known as the "forgotten continent." The world's leading countries have come to see this continent (a source of minerals and energy resources they so badly need) from a new perspective. An important factor fueling interest in Africa is the unprecedented expansion of "emerging powers" in African countries. This applies primarily to China, whose rapid economic growth induces it to double its efforts in world markets, pushing "old players" out of these markets.
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| 7 |
ID:
127490
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
It had survived a series of crises starting with the "gold crisis" of 1971 when it turned out that America could not cover the European payment orders. President Nixon had no choice but to unilaterally dispose of the convertibility of the dollar to gold: the American currency entered a new life of unrestricted emission.
In 2006-2007, the economic base of the huge transnational corporations (about 70 largest banks and companies of the Monsanto and ExxonMobil type) responsible for economic decision-making started crumbling. Why? Because stock indices as indicators of sustainability of American corporations revealed negative trends.
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| 8 |
ID:
127482
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2013.
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TODAY, nearly forty years after the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, European security remains one of the outstanding issues on the international agenda. The bright post-Cold War hopes that a final and mutually acceptable solution was round the corner proved futile. Very much as before mutual mistrust rules, while the governments preach widely different approaches to continental security. Satisfied with the considerable geostrategic advantages over Russia gained amid the geopolitical shifts on the continent and NATO's eastward expansion, the West sees no reason to change the highly favorable situation and upset the convenient balance of power.
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| 9 |
ID:
127494
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
ON SEPTEMBER 22, 2013, the bell tolled for the Free Democratic Party (FDP) when the results of the general elections (a meager 4.8%*), the worst since 1949, left the junior coalition partner to the CDU/CSU Union in the Bundestag outside the German parliament.** An all-time low came only four years after an all-time high of 2009.*** Let us look at the factors behind the party's amazing victories and the no less amazing defeat.
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| 10 |
ID:
127483
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| Publication |
2013.
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SOVEREIGN STATES traditionally build their relationships with external actors and partners in the interest of creating a favorable international environment for the effective achievement of national goals. The foreign policy of states performs a very important, but mainly an auxiliary function in dealing with their internal problems.
In recent decades, due to the growing interdependence of modern states, the internationalization of their life and the deepening of globalization processes, the significance of international factors for successfully dealing with national matters of individual states has increased markedly. International and domestic aspects of their policies are becoming more organically interlinked. This induces states to look for ways to raise their role in shaping a favorable international environment for national development.
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| 11 |
ID:
127476
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2013.
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THE SITUATION in the Middle East is complicated. In some countries Islamists are suffering a defeat while in other states they are putting up resistance.
The situation is naturally affected by the ongoing developments in Egypt. President Mohammed Morsi was elected in June 2012 with 52% of Egyptians voting for him. It is noteworthy that semi-literate and illiterate masses voted for the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate while the elite voted against him. The newly elected president took the path of turning Egypt into an "Islamic republic." Five representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood received ministerial portfolios, eight were appointed to positions in the presidential administration, 25 were appointed as governors' aides, and 12 representatives were nominated for mayors. M. Morsi made an attempt to establish control over the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, as well as over the media. In November 2012, he ruled that courts may not challenge presidential decrees. On his watch, in 2012, a new Egyptian constitution was adopted that, in particular, limited women's rights and also proclaimed that the leadership of A1 Azhar University, which significantly influences political processes in the Arab world, is "the supreme and only arbiter on issues of Sharia law" and "the main source of the legal framework.
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| 12 |
ID:
127480
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
I WOULD LIKE to start with a simple statement. It has become a commonplace that in the conditions of formation of a polycentric international architecture not a single or even a limited group of countries any longer has sufficient resources to address global security issues, including those related to new threats and challenges.
Security is indivisible. This means that there is currently little prospect in trying to create an island of well-being in isolated areas cut off from the outside world; or to build an individual relationship with this island, aiming to improve one's own status. The close interdependency between participants in international intercourse, and the transboundary nature of today's threats cast doubt on this kind of options.
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| 13 |
ID:
127488
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| 14 |
ID:
127498
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
THERE REMAINS an unflagging interest in the personality of Chiune Sugihara (1900-1986), a Japanese diplomat who rescued more than 6,000 Jews during World War II. Some refer to him as Japan's Wallenberg. He is one of the best-known and revered citizens of Japan of the 20th century, who was honored by Israel's government with the title "Righteous among the Nations." Scholarly conferences devoted to Chiune Sugihara are being held; there are also films and books about him.
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| 15 |
ID:
127474
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN THE SECOND HALF of June 2013, the United States announced some adjustments to its nuclear doctrine.
Its main provisions were summarized in the politico-military part of the speech of President Barack Obama at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate on June 191 as well as in the Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States, prepared by the Pentagon in conjunction with other U.S. departments and agencies, which came out in the same month.2 The individual elements of the "adapted" nuclear strategy were also commented on in a special White House Fact Sheet appearing on the same day.3
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| 16 |
ID:
127481
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN TODAY'S WORLD, security issues as well as economic issues, the aspects of ecology and other concerns, along with the issues of a comprehensive and relentless fight against international terrorism and extremism and of combating international crime and drug aggression are important as never before. The international community has incessantly endeavored to develop a unified mechanism to jointly maintain security. This process originates from as early as the times of the formation of the League of Nations, and remains one of the most relevant to the present day. Clearly the numerous contradictions between states and between groups of states, the social and political differences, the diversity in aspects of foreign policy concepts, the lack of mutual understanding in the choice of approach to dealing with international and inter-state problems, and the competitive rivalry between the subjects of international law have always been the limiting factors when trying to devise a common mechanism for all. Nevertheless, in the early 70s of the last century as a result of long negotiations and consultations the groundwork was successfully laid for the formation of a diplomatic forum that came to be known as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). The uniqueness of the forum lay in the fact that the countries belonging to different social and political systems and being part of the opposing military structures, as well as neutral and non-aligned states were able to create a sustainable process of dialogue and negotiation on the topical issues of peace and stability on the continent.
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| 17 |
ID:
127485
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE REGIME of Bashar al-Assad in Syria has been demonstrating a relatively high level of tenacity amid the proxy war raging in the country for over two years now. Indeed, the authoritarian regime in Tunisia folded up in two weeks; the Mubarak regime in Egypt, in slightly over four weeks; the Colonel Qaddafi regime collapsed after six months of NATO strikes. Russian expert Prof. Edouard Ozhiganov has offered a methodologically exact comment: "Any political regime can be described as stable to the extent to which it can neutralize inside and outside pressure using its own resources and instruments.
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| 18 |
ID:
127472
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| Publication |
2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN SEPTEMBER, Rossotrudnichestvo, which I have the honor and pleasure to head, turned five. On September 6, 2008, under Decree No. 1315 of the president of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States, Compatriots Living Abroad and International Humanitarian Cooperation was established within the system of state executive bodies of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the decree, the new agency was established "with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of state administration in the area of international collaboration" as a successor to the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Roszarubezhtsentr) at the Russian Foreign Ministry.
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| 19 |
ID:
127495
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2013.
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| Summary/Abstract |
GREECE is perhaps Russia's oldest friend. Relations between our two nations have a history of more than one thousand years. This is not only a matter of time but also of strength of the bonds of genuinely fraternal friendship of the two nations, the depth and ramification of its roots, its spiritual unity sealed with the Orthodox faith.
The official visit to the Hellenic Republic by a delegation of Russia's Federation Council led by its head Valentina Matviyenko made a big contribution to the contemporary history of cooperation between the two countries which in this year are marking the 185th anniversary of their diplomatic relations.
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| 20 |
ID:
127496
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| Publication |
2013.
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APRIL OF THIS YEAR marked 21 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova. The underpinning document for present-day Russian-Moldovan relations is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed on November 19, 2001, which laid the groundwork to upgrade them to a strategic partnership level that meets the vital interests of the peoples of our countries, linked by centuries-old ties of friendship.
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