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| 1 |
ID:
128340
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Carbon/energy taxes and energy efficiency improvement are studied well in the recent years for their potential adverse impacts on economy, especially for lost production and international competitiveness, and rebound effects. However, little attention has been paid to investigate them jointly, which can not only prevent fall of energy services cost and thereby rebound effect but reduce the associated macroeconomic costs. This study thus employs a 20 sector CGE model to explore separately the impacts of carbon tax and its coordinated implementation with energy efficiency improvement on the Pakistan economy. The country underwent enormous pressure of energy security issues as well as climate change fallouts in the last couple of years and can be regarded as a suitable candidate for energy/environmental conservation policies to be considered at a broader context with more concrete efforts. The simulation results show that the impact of carbon tax on GDP is negative but resulting reductions in pollutant emissions are relatively high. Moreover, the GDP is expected to grow comparatively positive when analyzed with improvements in energy efficiency, with even higher decline in energy consumption demand and so emissions. This simultaneous economic and environmental improvement would thus have positive implications regarding sustainable development of the country.
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| 2 |
ID:
133031
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
China has adopted targets for developing renewable electricity that would require expansion on an unprecedented scale. During the period from 2010 to 2020, we find that current renewable electricity targets result in significant additional renewable energy installation and a reduction in cumulative CO2 emissions of 1.8% relative to a No Policy baseline. After 2020, the role of renewables is sensitive to both economic growth and technology cost assumptions. Importantly, we find that the CO2 emissions reductions due to increased renewables are offset in each year by emissions increases in non-covered sectors through 2050. We consider sensitivity to renewable electricity cost after 2020 and find that if cost falls due to policy or other reasons, renewable electricity share increases and results in slightly higher economic growth through 2050. However, regardless of the cost assumption, projected CO2 emissions reductions are very modest under a policy that only targets the supply side in the electricity sector. A policy approach that covers all sectors and allows flexibility to reduce CO2 at lowest cost - such as an emissions trading system - will prevent this emissions leakage and ensure targeted reductions in CO2 emissions are achieved over the long term.
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