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| 1 |
ID:
177330
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| Summary/Abstract |
Reliable and secure operation of a power system depends on the ability of system operation to address system imbalances on account of demand-supply imbalances and that an account of change in availability of transmission network elements. The impact of a power plant or transmission line failures causes a short-term imbalance between generation and demand, and balance can be addressed by deploying flexible reserves and ancillary services. The system imbalances in the Indian power system operation are addressed through Deviation Settlement Mechanism, a commercial mechanism based on a frequency linked incentive/penalty structure. Implementation of reserve regulation ancillary services in India has further helped to address deviation in frequency, congestion, and to bring grid resilience. This paper discusses the development of ancillary services in India, alongside crucial developments in the power market. Given the ongoing developments in the Indian power market and international experiences, this paper suggests a road map for further development of the ancillary services market in the country. The Indian power system has also witnessed a significant growth of variable renewable energy resources. In the future, renewable resources are expected to provide full range ancillary services ensuring the least cost, supply security, and high availability of reserves. Deviations on account of uncertainty associated with renewable resource generation are also subject to Deviation Settlement Mechanism, although with lenient penalties.
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| 2 |
ID:
128869
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article reviews the existing theoretical arguments and empirical findings linking renewable and non-renewable natural resources to the onset, intensity, and duration of intrastate as well as interstate armed conflict. Renewable resources are supposedly connected to conflict via scarcity, while non-renewable resources are hypothesized to lead to conflict via resource abundance. Based upon our analysis of these two streams in the literature, it turns out that the empirical support for the resource scarcity argument is rather weak. However, the authors obtain some evidence that resource abundance is likely to be associated with conflict. The article concludes that further research should generate improved data on low-intensity forms of conflict as well as resource scarcity and abundance at subnational and international levels, and use more homogenous empirical designs to analyze these data. Such analyses should pay particular attention to interactive effects and endogeneity issues in the resource-conflict relationship.
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