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NUCLEAR UMBRELLA (10) answer(s).
 
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1
ID:   131758


Fighting to the end: the Pakistan army's way of war / Fair, C Christine 2014  Book
Fair, C Christine Book
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Publication Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
Description xv, 347p.Hbk
Standard Number 9780199454686
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Copies: C:1/I:0,R:0,Q:0
Circulation
Accession#Call#Current LocationStatusPolicyLocation
057827355.03355491/FAI 057827MainOn ShelfGeneral 
2
ID:   146625


Japan and extended nuclear deterrence: security and non-proliferation / Hoey, Fintan   Journal Article
Hoey, Fintan Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract To an observer, Japan’s approach to nuclear weapons can appear confused and contradictory. The only country to have been attacked with nuclear weapons is variously described as a pacifist and non-nuclear nation and as a proliferation threat. These widely varied and conflicting conclusions are understandable given that conflicting messages are sent by senior figures. However Japan’s stance is in fact a coherent, if not uncomplicated, response both to its security needs and to domestic public opinion. However, the security provided by US extended nuclear deterrence underlines and enables this approach. The key policies and decisions were taken in both Washington and Tokyo between China’s first nuclear test (1964) and Japan’s ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1976). How the United States came to offer this additional security guarantee to Japan and how Japan came to rely upon it underscore this complex stance and are crucial to understanding a longstanding and ongoing security arrangement and source of stability and security in northeast Asia.
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3
ID:   132001


Least bad option: extending the nuclear umbrella to the Middle East / Saunders, Emily Cura; Fearey, Bryan L   Journal Article
Saunders, Emily Cura Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Summary/Abstract This article examines the merits of extending the U.S. nuclear deterrent to the Middle East. It begins by looking at past practices of such an extension before delving into the overall issues presented by providing such a security guarantee. This article then looks at a brief survey of some of the regional issues facing a nuclear extension before considering the P-5 states and their concerns.
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4
ID:   133990


Minimum deterrence and Russian and Chinese threat developments / Schneider, Mark   Journal Article
Schneider, Mark Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Summary/Abstract Minimum Deterrence advocates, such as the Global ZERO report chaired by retired General James Cartwright, often urge the elimination of the U.S. triad of ICBMs, SLBMs, and bombers and minimum modernization of U.S. nuclear forces. These recommendations ignore fundamental realities. Both Russia and China have announced that they intend to increase their nuclear forces and both are modernizing their forces. Russia and China regard the U.S. as their main enemy and are arming against us. The Minimum Deterrence assumption that there is no risk of a conflict between the U.S. and Russia or China is a dangerous one. Both Russia and China have significant territorial claims against their neighbors. Russian claims to the Arctic Ocean and Chinese claims over the South China Sea are particularly troubling. China continues to threaten war over Taiwan. China has increasingly used military might to support its territorial claims in the South China Sea, creating incidents that have the potential to escalate into war. The most fundamental problem with Minimum Deterrence is that it intentionally degrades our deterrence of nuclear or other WMD attack, as well as our ability to deter nuclear escalation in a situation where the U.S. provides allies a credible nuclear umbrella. U.S. failure to provide a credible nuclear umbrella could result in Japan and, possibly other nations, deciding to go nuclear in order to protect themselves.
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5
ID:   142090


Neither realistic nor effective: the fallacy of U.S. nuke redeployment in Korea / Jae-Yeop, Kim   Article
Jae-Yeop, Kim Article
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Summary/Abstract This paper examines the logics and problems of U.S. nuclear weapon redeployment demands among the general public in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to cope with the nuclear threat from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). Proponents of the idea believe that redeploying U.S. nuclear weapons on ROK soil will help to restore the military balance on the Korean Peninsula and strengthen strategic options for denuclearization efforts. However, U.S. nuclear weapon redeployment is not only contradictory to defense policy of both the ROK and the United States, but also not so effective in terms of both military and diplomatic aspects. The ROK and U.S. governments should seek and carry out more practical policy alternatives to deter military challenges from a nuclear-armed North Korea and revitalize efforts for denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, rather than resorting to the illusion of U.S. nuclear weapon redeployment.
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6
ID:   129547


Nuclear South Korea? / Ahn, Mun Suk; Cho, Young Chul   Journal Article
Cho, Young Chul Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Summary/Abstract After North Korea's third nuclear test in February 2013, South Koreans are once again debating whether to go nuclear. Some advocates of South Korean nuclear possession argue that nuclear weapons are necessary for self-defence against the nuclear-armed North. Some support South Korea's nuclearization as leverage vis-à-vis North Korea and China. Some argue that going nuclear will heighten the South's national prestige. However, others counter that South Korea's nuclearization is not desirable and, indeed, barely feasible. First, since North-South conflicts have not diminished since the 1953 truce, the nuclear armament of the two Koreas could result in a nuclear war. Second, the South's nuclearization would only hasten North Korea's ardent pursuit of securing and increasing its stock of nuclear warheads. Third, it would prompt a fierce arms race in Northeast Asia by pressing Japan and Taiwan to go nuclear. Finally, it would undermine Seoul's close ties with Washington. In order to maintain a nuclear-free South Korea, the US needs to reinforce its nuclear umbrella and eradicate the North Korean nuclear threat through active and comprehensive negotiations with Pyongyang.
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7
ID:   162683


Only choice is both choices: balancing assurance and coercion in nonproliferation-focused alliance-management strategies / Korda, Matt   Journal Article
Korda, Matt Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Conventional theories of alliance management often overemphasize the utility of either assurance or coercion in preventing allied nuclear proliferation. Historical analysis reveals that prioritizing either of these two tactics to the exclusion of the other is inadvisable. A strategy that focuses solely on security guarantees or coercive threats is likely to encourage an allied state to pursue a hedging strategy, in which the client state continues to clandestinely develop its own nuclear capabilities while remaining underneath its patron’s defensive “umbrella.” This article introduces a new framework for understanding the effectiveness of nonproliferation-focused alliance-management strategies. By exploring the cases of West Germany and South Korea, the article concludes that the best way to prevent allies from pursuing nuclear weapons is to combine assurance with coercion. This establishes an incentive–punishment relationship that limits an ally’s motivation to develop nuclear weapons. These conclusions have particular salience today, as conversations over nuclear-weapons development have become increasingly normalized in Germany and particularly in South Korea. The United States’s capacity to influence its allies’ nuclear behavior is currently being eroded through the degradation of both patron credibility and client dependence, weakening the long-term viability of the global nonproliferation regime.
Key Words proliferation  Deterrence  South Korea  Coercion  West Germany  Nuclear Umbrella 
History  Cold War 
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8
ID:   146630


Reversal of fortunes? extended deterrence and assurance in Europe and East Asia / Pilat, Joseph F   Journal Article
Pilat, Joseph F Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract The extended deterrence relationships between the United States and its allies in Europe and East Asia have been critical to regional and global security and stability, as well as to nonproliferation efforts, since the late 1950s. These relationships developed in different regional contexts, and reflect differing cultural, political and military realities in the US allies and their relations with the United States. Although extended deterrence and assurance relations have very different histories, and have to some extent been controversial through the years, there has been a rethinking of these relations in recent years. Many Europeans face a diminished threat situation as well as economic and political pressures on the maintenance of extended deterrence, and are looking at the East Asian relationships, which do not involve forward deployed forces as more attractive than NATO’s risk-and-burden-sharing concepts involving the US nuclear forces deployed in Europe. On the other hand, the East Asian allies are looking favorably at NATO nuclear consultations, and in the case of South Korea, renewed US nuclear deployments (which were ended in 1991), to meet increased security concerns posed by a nuclear North Korea and more assertive China. This paper explores the history of current relationships and the changes that have led the allies to view those of others as more suitable for meeting their current needs.
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9
ID:   188823


Under the Umbrella: Nuclear Crises, Extended Deterrence, and Public Opinion / Allison, David M; Herzog, Stephen ; Ko, Jiyoung   Journal Article
Herzog, Stephen Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract How robust is public support for extended nuclear deterrence in patron and client states? Recent studies have improved scholarly understanding of US public opinion about nuclear weapon use against non-nuclear adversaries. Yet, there is limited knowledge of public attitudes regarding retaliation for nuclear strikes against US allies. We develop a theoretical typology of nuclear crises and investigate this phenomenon with a novel survey experiment (n = 6,623). Americans, Japanese, and South Koreans viewed realistic emergency alert messages about a most-likely case for nuclear retaliation: a North Korean missile attack on a US ally protected by the nuclear umbrella. Support for nuclear retaliation is low in all three countries, with important cross-national differences. Favorability increases with North Korean nuclear first-use, but it remains limited nonetheless. Surprisingly, US “tripwire” troop casualties do not increase Americans’ demands for nuclear retaliation. These findings have important implications for the study of nuclear crises and practice of extended deterrence.
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10
ID:   163452


Unforeseen consequences of extended deterrence: moral hazard in a Nuclear client state / Narang, Neil; Mehta, Rupal N   Journal Article
Mehta, Rupal N Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Do “nuclear umbrellas” create a moral hazard that can increase the risk of war? In this article, we investigate whether situations of extended deterrence in which a nuclear patron makes a defensive commitment to a nonnuclear client state can inadvertently increase the likelihood that a client will initiate a crisis with another state. Using data on the crisis behavior of states from 1950 to 2000, we estimate the impact of a nuclear umbrella on various crisis outcomes, including the initiation and escalation of militarized conflict. Interestingly, we find no evidence that such commitments increase the risk of war or even two-sided violence at lower levels. However, consistent with both the moral hazard logic and bargaining theories of war, we show that this appears to be because potential target states offer increased policy concessions to client states to avoid costly fighting. Thus, the link between nuclear umbrellas and moral hazard appears to be real, but it is reflected in the division of benefits rather than a greater likelihood of war. The results have important policy implications as the US contemplates extending its nuclear umbrella.
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