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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
133119
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| Publication |
2014,
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| Summary/Abstract |
The built environment can be used to influence travel demand, but very few studies consider the relative energy savings of such policies in context of a complex urban system. This analysis quantifies the day-to-day and embodied energy consumption of four different neighborhoods in Austin, Texas, to examine how built environment variations influence various sources of urban energy consumption. A microsimulation combines models for petroleum use (from driving) and residential and commercial power and natural gas use with rigorously measured building stock and infrastructure materials quantities (to arrive at embodied energy). Results indicate that the more suburban neighborhoods, with mostly detached single-family homes, consume up to 320% more embodied energy, 150% more operational energy, and about 160% more total life-cycle energy (per capita) than a densely developed neighborhood with mostly low-rise-apartments and duplexes. Across all neighborhoods, operational energy use comprised 83 to 92% of total energy use, and transportation sources (including personal vehicles and transit, plus street, parking structure, and sidewalk infrastructure) made up 44 to 47% of the life-cycle energy demands tallied. Energy elasticity calculations across the neighborhoods suggest that increased population density and reduced residential unit size offer greatest life-cycle energy savings per capita, by reducing both operational demands from driving and home energy use, and from less embodied energy from construction. These results provide measurable metrics for comparing different neighborhood styles and develop a framework to anticipate energy-savings from changes in the built environment versus household energy efficiency.
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| 2 |
ID:
130537
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| Publication |
2014, 2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
It is common to see patentees coexist with infringers in developing countries, which leads to a split of patent value between patentees and infringers. This paper extends traditional model for estimation of patent value. We classify patentees by technology level: Patentees with low technology level are motivated to imitate patentees with high technology level. This leads to an early lapse of patent right by patentees with both high and low technology level. With this model, we estimate the value of invention patents in China. Although patent value of Chinese firms is lower than that of foreign firms, the differences are not as large. This is mainly because of the existence of potential patent value. This value is dropped, since the motivation of imitating foreign patents leads to the lapse of their own patents. Technology contained in the patent would thus not be further developed. The infringement behavior is more likely to occur in technology fields with less technology gap between Chinese and foreign firms, which may be due to an easier copy of technology. The strengthening of patent protection works, as two patent law amendments in 1993 and 2001 reduces the infringement. Policy implications are made at the end of the study.
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