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ID:
131486
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
Do international court judgments influence the behavior of actors other than the parties to a dispute? Are international courts agents of policy change or do their judgments merely reflect evolving social and political trends? We develop a theory that specifies the conditions under which international courts can use their interpretive discretion to have system-wide effects. We examine the theory in the context of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rulings on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues by creating a new data set that matches these rulings with laws in all Council of Europe (CoE) member states. We also collect data on LGBT policies unaffected by ECtHR judgments to control for the confounding effect of evolving trends in national policies. We find that ECtHR judgments against one country substantially increase the probability of national-level policy change across Europe. The marginal effects of the judgments are especially high where public acceptance of sexual minorities is low, but where national courts can rely on ECtHR precedents to invalidate domestic laws or where the government in power is not ideologically opposed to LGBT equality. We conclude by exploring the implications of our findings for other international courts.
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| 2 |
ID:
134037
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The last decade has witnessed unprecedented developments in thediscovery of novel materials and their radically different propertiesat nanoscales. Global efforts in research and development (R&D)in nanotechnology are being undertaken by many countries dueto far-reaching benefits encompassing the entire arena of scienceand technology. The field of defence is likely to profit immensely bynanotechnology-enabled applications. The impact of these applicationswill have a direct bearing on soldier in the battlefield in terms ofenhanced protection, lethality, manoeuvrability, communication, healthmonitoring, and surveillance. This article dwells upon the current globalscenario of nanotechnology and how a 'soldier as a system' can beconceived through integration of nanotechnology-enabled applications.
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| 3 |
ID:
131653
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
The overseas Chinese democracy movement, sustained by exiled Chinese dissidents in the West, has just reached its 30th anniversary. Despite a widely held view that it has declined and failed irrevocably from its moral and political height during the first half of the 1990s, new trends have emerged.
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| 4 |
ID:
131534
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper focuses on a long-running and understudied Egyptian economic institution, the beer industry. While the presence of a well-developed beer industry in a predominantly Muslim country is noteworthy in itself, it is the consistent profitability of this industry despite the vicissitudes of Egypt's economic and political development that have made it truly remarkable. Relying heavily on archival material, including documents preserved in Cairo's Dar al-Watha?iq (Egyptian National Archives), this paper tracks the development of the beer industry in Egypt from 1897, when Belgian entrepreneurs started the Pyramid and Crown breweries, to the 1960s, when the Egyptian government nationalized the two companies. This analysis uses the history of the beer company to map larger social and economic trends in the colonial and semicolonial Egyptian economy (1882-1963) and to further problematize the foreign/Egyptian dichotomy that shapes discussions of it.
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| 5 |
ID:
131566
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
In scholarship on the Middle East, as on other regions of the world, the sort of social history that climaxed from the 1960s through the 1980s, and in Middle East history through the 1990s-that is, studies of categories such as "class" or "peasant"-has been declining for some time. The cultural history that replaced social history has peaked, too. In the 21st century, the trend, set by non-Middle East historians, has been to combine an updated social-historical focus on structure and groups with a cultural-historical focus on meaning making. Defining society against culture and policing their boundaries is out. In is picking a theme-consumption or travel, say-then studying it from distinct yet linked social and cultural or political/economic angles. This trend has spawned new journals like Cultural and Social History, established in 2004, and has been debated in established journals and memoirs by leading historians of the United States and Europe
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