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TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   149569


Currency of history: money and the idea of progress / Spang, Rebecca L   Journal Article
Spang, Rebecca L Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract The history of money is normally told as a series of material changes and technological improvements, but historian Rebecca L. Spang argues that this version of the past obscures the monetary inequality that exists today. Money is a social and political fact as much as it is an economic one, and access to the different types of currency depends on government policy and banking-sector regulation.
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2
ID:   132577


Productivity, efficiency and privatization in the Malaysian wat / Hon, Lee Yoong; Boon, Tan Hui; Lee, Cassey   Journal Article
Lee, Cassey Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Summary/Abstract Total Factor Productivity - TFP Water Sector - Malaysia Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA Technological Improvements Optimal Performance Capital Investment Social Reforms Social Welfares Economic Policy Malaysia Resource Utilization Tariff Rates Economic Liberalization This paper analyses efficiency within the Malaysian water sector using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach and the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) Index. The results of the DEA show that the sector's mean technical efficiency was about 65 per cent over a ten-year period (1999 to 2008), which means that there is significant room for improvement in the area of resource utilization, whereby the sector can expand by 35 per cent whilst continuing to use the same amount of resources. The findings also indicate that Pulau Pinang state has the most efficient utilization of water and can therefore serve as a benchmark for optimal performance. The TFP analysis shows that the sector lags behind in the area of technological improvements, confirming an ongoing problem of inadequate capital investment. The findings indicate a positive relationship between efficiency and profitability and a negative relationship between efficiency and tariff rates. The relationship between privatization and efficiency, however, cannot be ascertained solely from the findings of this paper.
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