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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
132634
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| Publication |
2014.
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| Summary/Abstract |
To alleviate the problem of the insufficient reserves of natural gas in China, coal-based synthetic natural gas (SNG) is considered to be a promising option as a source of clean energy, especially for urban use. However, recent study showed that SNG will not accomplish the task of simultaneous energy conservation and CO2 reduction. In this paper, life cycle costing is made for SNG use in three main applications in residential sector: heating, household use, and public transport. Comparisons are conducted between SNG and coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), diesel, and methanol. The results show that SNG is a competitive option only for household use. The use of SNG for heating boilers or city buses is not as cost-effective as expected. The biggest shortcoming of SNG is the large amount of pollutants generated in the production stage. At the moment, the use of SNG is promoted by the government. However, as shown in this paper, one can expect a transfer of pollution from the urban areas to the regions where SNG is produced. Therefore, it is suggested that well-balanced set of environmental damage-compensating policies should be introduced to compensate the environmental losses in the SNG-producing regions.
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| 2 |
ID:
171423
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| Summary/Abstract |
Geographical maldistribution of coal and water resource has led to huge water consumption, posing great challenges to the development of coal chemical industries in China. In this study, based on the obtained unit product data of water withdrawal, consumption, and wastewater effluent capacity, the wastewater quantitative information about water quality and relevant energy and reagents consumption for several coal chemical industries were analyzed. Then, the life cycle costs of different types of coal chemical wastewater were analyzed when achieving ICIWD (1st category integrated wastewater discharge) and ZLD (zero liquid discharge) standards. According to the results, the life cycle cost of ICIWD was average 0.94 US$/t water less than that of the wastewater meeting ZLD, because the life cycle boundaries focused on coal chemical industries. Given surface water treatment cost and environment damages value, ICIWD's total cost was 1.07 US$/t water higher than ZLD's. Besides, the consumed water of planning advanced coal chemical projects of 2018 took up 2.8% of total industrial water. Such proportion could even reach over 30% in north and northwest regions. It is suggested that ZLD water policies and water resources appraisal should be introduced to improve and strengthen the rational layout of coal chemical projects.
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