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BOWERS, IAN (4) answer(s).
 
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ID:   179510


Not so disruptive after all: the 4IR, navies and the search for sea control / Bowers, Ian; Kirchberger, Sarah   Journal Article
Bowers, Ian Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies and their applicability at sea now dominate debates about the future of naval operations. This article examines the extent to which such technologies, including autonomous and unmanned weapon systems and artificial intelligence, will disrupt naval warfare. Using two case studies, the South China Sea and the Baltic Sea, this article finds that in the key operational output of attaining sea control these technologies will not disrupt naval warfare. While they may intensify the competition between the operational attributes of detection, stealth, range and lethality, they will ultimately sustain existing understandings of seapower and its strategic effects.
Key Words Sea Control  Baltic Sea  South China Sea  China  Artificial Intelligence  Navies 
Unmanned Systems  4IR 
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2
ID:   156477


Power asymmetry and the role of deterrence in the south china sea / Bowers, Ian   Journal Article
Bowers, Ian Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract China’s coercive activities in the South China Sea have resulted in a lively academic debate regarding strategies to deter Beijing and maintain the status quo. However, much of this literature has been dominated by the U.S.–China dynamic and has neglected the vital role of the littoral states in the region. This article, through the lens of a maritime strategic environment, deals with the potential for the littoral nations of the South China Sea to deter China. It argues that conventional deterrence by denial is a difficult but applicable strategy despite the substantial power asymmetry that exists between China and the littoral states in the region. However, such a deterrent approach must be tailored to the specific, non-existential challenges that China poses in the region. Among these challenges, this article examines deterrence within the context of China’s claim to the Spratly Islands and expansive claims to economic exploitation rights. A maritime strategic environment provides multiple avenues to impose cost on a superior power and the littoral states in the region have invested heavily in naval capabilities. However, as this article finds, it remains to be seen if the littoral states in the region have the technical capability or political will to successfully enact such a deterrent strategy.
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3
ID:   132886


Republic of Korea and its navy: perceptions of security and the utility of seapower / Bowers, Ian   Journal Article
Bowers, Ian Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Summary/Abstract Understanding the development of Republic of Korea (ROK) seapower is central in exploring the evolution and nature of its security consciousness. This article aims to examine how the wider East Asian maritime sphere has influenced ROK perceptions of its own security and how such perceptions have come into conflict with the needs of maintaining its deterrent capabilities within the peninsular context. In doing so it concludes that for the ROK seapower has been an expression of wider engagement and international developing security concerns but that it is curtailed and influenced by the realities of the threat from the North.
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4
ID:   164485


Use and utility of hybrid warfare on the Korean Peninsula / Bowers, Ian   Journal Article
Bowers, Ian Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract This article uses hybrid warfare as a framework for examining North Korean operations on the Korean Peninsula and the South Korean reaction to such operations. It argues that North Korea has long employed a hybrid approach to achieve a wide number of political and strategic objectives. However, the deterrence-based strategic reality on the Korean Peninsula in combination with North Korea’s increasing relative weaknesses has rendered this approach self-defeating.
Key Words Insurgency  North Korea  South Korea  Cyber Warfare  Hybrid Warfare 
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