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| 1 |
ID:
135355
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| Summary/Abstract |
Astrobiology is a subject dedicated to understanding the origin, evolution and distribution of life. Astrobiology is a multidisciplinary discipline within which useful information comes from a variety of environments and from a myriad of techniques. The challenges of the Global Exploration Roadmap contain intrinsic astrobiology questions and opportunities. The potential astrobiology returns include scientific, educational and economic benefits.
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| 2 |
ID:
136681
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In the early years after independence, predictions were made that the Indian political system would eventually collapse because of the country's diverse population and low per capita income. India however has proven its critics wrong and shown the world that democracy has not only thrived and been sustained but has also deepened. Thus, from a procedural point of view, India has achieved the goal of establishing democracy and in 2014 completed its fourteenth Lok Sabha elections without hindrance. However, as far as substantive democracy and the trajectory of human development are concerned, some of the hopes and aspirations have been only partly realised and others dashed while some developmental indices show that India has underperformed in terms of governance, political participation and political culture.
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| 3 |
ID:
134714
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| Summary/Abstract |
Despite robust, and much touted, growth, Kazakhstan's economic system enjoys only tepid support among large swathes of the population and is viewed by many as neither fair nor legitimate. Extreme juxtapositions of new wealth and new poverty against a historic background of economic and social egalitarianism combine to make this a potent and combustible issue. Women, ethnic Slavs, the poor, people in urban areas most afflicted by post-Soviet de-industrialisation, those who feel they have lost out in the transition to a market economy, and those who are pessimistic about their financial prospects are more likely to question the legitimacy of the current economic system. Because scepticism about the distributive system contributes to political and social strife, these findings provide grounds for concern about Kazakhstan's long-term stability.
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| 4 |
ID:
135321
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper provides the first insights into the capital structure of listed companies in Vietnam, one of the most dynamic economies in the Asia-Pacific region. We employ a panel GMM (generalized method of moments) system estimator to analyse the determinants of the capital structure of non-financial firms listed on either the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange or the Hanoi Stock Exchange for the period 2007–11. We conclude that, despite the emergence in recent years of equity and a corporate debt capital market, the capital structure of Vietnamese enterprises is still dominated by the use of short-term financing sources. Further, our results show that state-controlled enterprises continue to have preferential access to finance and that high-growth firms still rely principally on external debt rather than equity issuance. These results indicate that policy-makers need to continue to pursue policies that will deepen capital markets and ensure that bank finance is allocated on a purely commercial basis.
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| 5 |
ID:
135323
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| Summary/Abstract |
Come inequality affects substantive outcomes such as redistribution and voter turnout. Nevertheless, a country’s level of income inequality has a differential impact on citizens’ evaluation of the same because individuals have different normative values about inequality. This paper shifts the analytical focus from objective income inequality—commonly measured by the Gini ratio—to subjective dimensions of income inequality, namely individual tolerance for income inequality. Using the Philippines as a case, this paper argues that a country’s level of objective income inequality does not systematically affect a person’s level of tolerance for income inequality. This argument is counter-intuitive because most extant studies implicitly assume that a country’s level of income inequality affects a person’s values on the same. By focusing on a person’s redistributive preference, this paper also shows that subjective dimensions of income inequality can affect substantive outcomes.
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| 6 |
ID:
135324
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| Summary/Abstract |
The creation of either self-employment or wage-earning job opportunities is considered one of the more effective strategies for sustainable poverty alleviation. The Malaysian government promulgated a national plan for poverty eradication in its Vision 2020 agenda by emphasizing full employment. However, the classic trickle-down effects of large-scale industrialization policies can hardly be expected to reach the bottom-most tier of a country’s poorest group. Instead, more precise tools such as microcredit loans and socio-economic support services would better address hardcore poverty. This paper employs a cross-sectional design with a stratified random sampling method to examine the impact of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia’s (AIM) microcredit programmes for women on employment generation at the client, household and community levels in rural Peninsular Malaysia.
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| 7 |
ID:
135899
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| Summary/Abstract |
Building on recent works showing the role that legal institutions can play in attracting foreign capital (Jensen 2003, 2006; Li and Resnick 2003; Li 2006; Biglaiser and Staats 2010; Staats and Biglaiser 2012), and drawing on insights obtained from Powell and Rickard (2010), we use panel data for 114 developing countries from 1970 to 2007 to demonstrate that developing countries with common law legal systems attract greater foreign direct investment (FDI) than countries that have civil law or Islamic legal systems because common law systems are more inclined to promote the rule of law and protect property rights and can be understood to provide more efficiency in the law, better contract enforcement, more judicial autonomy, and more market-oriented regulations.
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| 8 |
ID:
136148
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Many observers have diagnosed a fundamental shift in financial regulation since the 2008 crisis. In contrast, this article argues that changes have mostly been superficial. The ideas underpinning regulation have been adapted rather than overturned. Our financial system remains highly fragile, even if exceptionally loose monetary policy obscures such fragility temporarily. Governments show little appetite to correct the lopsided relationship between the financial sector and the real economy and turn the sector into a reliable engine of prosperity and stability rather than a continued source of systemic risk.
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| 9 |
ID:
135901
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| Summary/Abstract |
Parting from conventional studies on economic sanctions that look at the properties of the targeted state, this study focuses on the institutional origins of economic sanctions. I observe that most US sanctions either originate from the legislative or the executive branch. Building on this observation, I argue and present evidence that the institutional origin of a US sanction has a discernible effect on that sanction's duration. An institutional approach underpins the theory I develop to explain this difference. The veto-point approach focuses on the institutional inertia bestowed upon foreign policy actions executed through law and suggests that sanctions imposed as law should last longer than those carried out by executive order. Semi-parametric duration analysis conducted on the recently released Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions data confirms this expectation.
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| 10 |
ID:
136720
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| Summary/Abstract |
The dollar, left for dead only a short while ago, is on a roll, and it looks unstoppable for the foreseeable future.
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