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| 1 |
ID:
134609
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| Summary/Abstract |
Scholars are divided over the role of transitional justice trials. Hannah Arendt has argued that any attempt to add a didactic role to the court process risks politicization. In contrast, Judith Shklar has argued that it is a legal fable to argue that politics can be kept from the courtroom. This article reevaluates the legacy and collective memory of the Nuremberg, Frankfurt Auschwitz, and Majdanek trials in West Germany as a tool of public education. While these trials certainly affected the external legal culture, through radio, television, theater plays, films, and other forms of popular culture, the lessons Germans learned were not always the ones that prosecutors had hoped for.
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| 2 |
ID:
134610
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article seeks to advance understanding of strategic nonviolent action through providing a more comprehensive assessment of the factors that may contribute towards the failure of nonviolent campaigns than has been undertaken to date. It disaggregates the wide range of international and national circumstances relevant to the failure of nonviolent action, illustrated with reference to experience of nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria since 2011. Through exploring these cases, the article proceeds to reveal how adherence to the assumed principles of nonviolent strategy may be insufficient in contributing towards success. It concludes by outlining four pathways by which nonviolent strategy may contribute towards its own failure, including its supersession by armed conflict.
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| 3 |
ID:
134606
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| Summary/Abstract |
The traditional arms control approach is slow in dismantling nuclear arsenals. It is also a state-centered approach, and does not enthuse public opinion as it is rather technical and complex. The recent interest in the so-called humanitarian approach of nuclear disarmament can be explained by a growing frustration with traditional arms control. The humanitarian approach points to the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons for individual human beings, and recommends forbidding nuclear weapons. The step-by-step approach is replaced by a principled approach, which holds that nuclear weapons are too destructive to be used, just like chemical and biological weapons. A ban on nuclear weapons will turn the tables. The burden of proof will shift from the non-nuclear weapon states to the nuclear weapon states. Those nuclear weapon states that are not eager to eliminate their nuclear weapons will come under growing pressure from worldwide public opinion as well as their own public opinion. It is this stigmatizing effect of nuclear weapons as inhumane and therefore unusable that may bring all states to pursue Global Zero.
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| 4 |
ID:
134608
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| Summary/Abstract |
Possible links between climate change and intra-state violent conflict have received major scholarly attention in recent years. But with few exceptions there is still a low level of consensus in this research field. The article argues that one reason for this disagreement is a lack of integrative cumulation of knowledge. Such an integrative cumulation is prevented by three obstacles, which have until now hardly been discussed in the literature. The first is the use of inadequate terms, discussed here with a focus on the labels ‘Malthusian’/‘cornucopian’ and the operationalization of key variables. Secondly, the weaknesses of large-N studies in research on climate change and violent conflict are not sufficiently reflected. These include a lack of data on crucial concepts as well as deficits of widely used datasets. Thirdly, literature that deals with a possible link between adverse environmental change and peace (termed here ‘environmental peace perspective’) has neither been systematized nor adequately considered in the debate so far. The article provides examples of these shortcomings and makes suggestions of how to address each of them. It also develops an integrative theoretical framework for the environmental peace perspective which facilitates its consideration in research on climate change and violent conflict.
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| 5 |
ID:
134607
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| Summary/Abstract |
Based on individual interviews with male and female ex-combatants of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), who have reintegrated into society through a Sri Lankan government sponsored self-employment loan scheme, this study evaluates the success of these ex-combatants in adapting to their new way of life. The paper fills a significant gap in international literature on self-employed ex-combatants and is one of the first studies on ex-combatants of the LTTE after the end of the war in May 2009. The study finds that the ex-combatants have largely been unable to improve their economic wellbeing, and therefore experience economic difficulties. Many have been unable to undertake their micro-businesses successfully due to injuries, poor skills, and inadequate access to markets and loans for other purposes. Though most were happier than they were during their time with the LTTE due to the ‘absence of fear’ and improved family life, they were dissatisfied with their current economic situation. Importantly, the study found a strong correlation between economic wellbeing and their perception of long-term peace. Thus, the paper recommends that more effort be made to ensure that economic difficulties are dealt with to ensure sustainable peace in the country.
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