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| 1 |
ID:
179688
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper studies the distributional impacts of a carbon tax in Austria and explores compensating measures to mitigate negative side effects. We extend previous studies by focussing on household heterogeneity, i.e. how housing attributes and socio-demographics govern a household's vulnerability to energy price increases. We apply the EASI demand system, which captures non-linear Engel curves and heterogeneous preferences; both crucial to estimate energy consumption. By simulating stylised, separate price increases we identify how seemingly overall similar welfare effects differ, depending on the energy good taxed, the region a household lives in, year of construction and household composition. These impact channels, with the severity of impacts differing according to various household characteristics are also reflected by the carbon tax scenario and reveal the importance of targeted support schemes. Although, each of the tested transfer schemes is able to enhance equality and cushion negative welfare effects, transfer schemes focussing on household size or on particular vulnerable population segments show the strongest effects in terms of equality, proportionality of the tax burden and welfare. Consequently, in order to yield a socially fair energy or carbon tax regime, taking household heterogeneity into account is essential.
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| 2 |
ID:
166393
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This paper evaluates the economy-wide effects of carbon taxation in China. To this end, we build a price model based on an energy input-output table in hybrid units that ensures the consistency of the analysis. The results indicate that carbon taxation has small negative impact on GDP. There are, however, relatively substantial emissions reductions. To explore whether the impacts are spatially blind, in the sense of having similar impacts on urban and rural residents, the results of the distributional effects show that the impacts of carbon taxation on different urban household groups reveal small differences and are slightly regressive. Yet for rural residents, carbon taxation may be significantly regressive. In addition, rural residents are found to be affected much more than urban residents. Furthermore, the paper explores a policy intervention to investigate the effects of redistributing the carbon tax paid by households. The main results reveal that reallocating the carbon tax to the groups with low income levels can offset the negative distributional effects significantly. Moreover, the results of Miyazawa-style interrelational income multiplier analysis indicate that the household groups with high income would benefit significantly from the income increases in those with low income levels, but not vice versa.
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| 3 |
ID:
166542
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| Summary/Abstract |
Despite a common EU directive on energy efficiency in residential buildings, levels of energy efficiency differ across European countries. This article analyses these differences and investigates the effectiveness of different energy efficiency policies in place in those countries. We firstly use panel data methods to explain average yearly energy consumption per dwelling and country by observable characteristics such as climatic conditions, energy prices, income, and floor area. We then use the unexplained variation by sorting between-country differences as well as plotting within-country changes over time to identify better performing countries. These countries are analysed qualitatively in a second step. We conduct expert interviews and examine the legal rules regarding building energy efficiency. Based on our exploratory analysis we draw a number of preliminary conclusions. First, we suggest that regulatory standards, in conjunction with increased construction activity, can be effective in the long run. Second, the results suggest that carbon taxation represents an effective means for energy efficiency. In this regard, the scope of the carbon tax plays a crucial role. We find evidence that a tax of 30 € and a tax of 120 € per ton of CO2 cause markedly different reductions in energy consumption.
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| 4 |
ID:
183039
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| Summary/Abstract |
Many countries have only recently introduced carbon taxation to reduce emissions and the time series data for evaluating these policies is not available yet. We use the introduction of fossil taxes in the German transportation sector to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental taxation. We employ synthetic control methods in the quantitative section of our analysis. The results indicate that the carbon price increase by about 66 €/t CO2 led to a considerable decline of transport emissions by 0.2–0.35 t per person and year. We also show that the sales share of diesel cars quickly increases after the reform, whereas the fuel efficiency of non-diesel cars increases with a three-year time lag. Most importantly, a qualitative analysis of a German car manufacturer's business reports also suggests that the tax triggered an improvement in engine technology.
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| 5 |
ID:
186478
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| Summary/Abstract |
Imposing a tax on carbon emissions has a mitigating impact on the carbon rebound effect. However, such taxes will also cause a decline in people's welfare. This paper studies the impact of carbon taxation on the CO2 rebound effect and the welfare of Chinese urban households using a multi-regional input-output model and an almost ideal demand system model. The results show that a tax rate of US$ 7.75/tCO2 could mitigate the urban residents' CO2 rebound effect by 14%–57%. This tax rate will also lead to an increase between 0.65% and 1.9% in urban households' total expenditure. In certain provinces, including Qinghai, Hainan, and Xinjiang, the residents' CO2 rebound effect is not considerably reduced, but their welfare experiences substantial losses after the implementation of a carbon taxation policy. However, in some provinces, including Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Henan, the residents' CO2 rebound effect could be significantly reduced while the household welfare showed fewer losses when introducing carbon taxation. Based on empirical research results, we propose that the Chinese government should introduce a higher carbon tax rate nationwide and grant subsidies to provinces such as Qinghai to balance carbon emission reduction targets and residents' acceptance of carbon taxation.
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| 6 |
ID:
136244
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| Summary/Abstract |
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect that the Energy Tax Directive reform proposed in 2011 would have, if implemented, on the level of prices in the different sectors of the 27 countries of the European Union. We apply a multiregional and multisectoral model of trade flows that takes into account all the intersectoral and intercountry interdependences in the production processes. Using the World Input–Output Database we perform two different simulations. The first one considers the tax changes proposed by the reform; the second one shows the impact the reform would have entailed if it were applied also to sectors belonging to the European Trade System. The main finding of the first simulation shows that the new energy tax regime would have had a low economic cost in terms of impact on prices (less than 1% in all the countries). So, the concerns about competitiveness do not find empirical support in our results, suggesting the need for further analyses to find out the reasons that caused the failure of a reform that was an important step to introduce a taxation explicitly linked to CO2 emissions. The second simulation, however, leads to strongly different results, pointing out the relevance of maintaining significant economic incentives to reduce carbon emissions for the European Trade System sectors, by improving the emission market performance or by applying carbon taxation also to these sectors.
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