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ID:
171218
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| Summary/Abstract |
Asteroid and comet collisions present low-chance, high-impact risks for the Earth. As such, it is unlikely that space powers will invest into capabilities aiming at the development of new deflection technologies leaving planetary defense with two readily available methods – kinetic impactor and nuclear warhead. Legally and normatively, the use of a nuclear device in outer space is in the current state of affairs forbidden. In the case of an emergency with an impending impact, such an approach is needed. This article suggests that establishment of an exception in international space law strengthens the nuclear regime while allowing for an effective deflection in the space domain if the need arises.
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| 2 |
ID:
137414
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| Summary/Abstract |
The article deals with the reasons why European countries should care about lunar settlement. First, the article focuses on the issue of geopolitics of the Moon and the importance of its natural resources—both energy and non-energy—and the relevance of lunar poles. The article then discusses European Union (EU) and European Space Agency (ESA) space activities. Next, there are basic strategic considerations EU/ESA countries should follow in utilizing outer space. From a terrestrial point of view, it is mainly the issue of energy independence and, from outer space, it is the possibility of denial of access to outer space. The article concludes with the acknowledgment of a growing interest in lunar colonization around the world and that Europeans should become more assertive in their lunar ambitions, including lunar development projects, for economic and strategic reasons.
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| 3 |
ID:
147722
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| Summary/Abstract |
The article presents the application of a concept of political territoriality in the case of Al-Shabaab. It first presents territoriality as a human strategy based on control of territory. Hereinafter, the set of criteria for the examination of political territoriality is presented. It concludes that given the development of Al-Shabaab, we can identify three distinct periods connected to the ′organization’s relation to territory: 2006–2008 – defiance; 2009–2011 – supremacy; and 2012–present – withdrawal. The issue of the deterritorialization of Al-Shabaab since 2012 is also connected to the need to enhance the strategies used against the group as it is becoming more connected to population and functional identification than territory.
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| 4 |
ID:
169316
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| Summary/Abstract |
Outer space is a congested strategic domain. The issue of space debris mitigation is one of the key issues of safe space traffic. However, active debris removal (ADR) systems may raise concerns about their dual-use capabilities. In this article, the authors have analyzed the ADR systems focusing on their potential as space weapons. The article concludes that ADR systems can be utilized for harmful purposes, although with limited impact. This limited potential of ADR systems to become antisatellite weapons allow for the development of such systems keeping in place basic confidence and trust building measures. The authors believe the further commercialization of space sector could enhance the space debris mitigation efforts.
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