| Summary/Abstract |
Warning intelligence has traditionally focused on indicators of major military attacks by states against other states. In the United States, the lessons of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the long rivalry with the Soviet Union produced an “indications and warning” (I&W) methodology that studied the military forces and doctrines of potential enemies in order to develop indicators of likely attack. When those indicators were present, a warning message was considered prudent. The classic statement of this approach is Cynthia Grabo's Handbook of Warning Intelligence.
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