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MOBILIZATION (76) answer(s).
 
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1
ID:   120357


Accounting for internal variation in nationalist mobilization: unofficial referendums for independence in Catalonia (2009-11) / Munoz, Jordi; Guinjoan, Marc   Journal Article
Munoz, Jordi Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract Between September 2009 and April 2011, around one-half of the Catalan municipalities held unofficial referendums on independence from Spain, in which more than 800,000 citizens took part. However, the participation rates were unevenly distributed across Catalonia. In this paper, using an original data set, we aim to respond to two relevant questions: first, why in some municipalities the referendum took place and in others it did not occur. Second, why did the referendum achieve high rates of turnout in some localities and much lower participation in others. We find that the resources available to the movement, the intensity of the mobilization efforts, the participatory tradition of the municipalities and the size of the nationalist 'sentiment pool' in each locality explain to a great extent the internal variation in nationalist mobilization in Catalonia.
Key Words Nationalism  Mobilization  Participation  Secession  Catalonia  Referendums 
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2
ID:   175122


Agency, bomb disposal robot, British army, materiality, museum, the troubles / MacLeish, Ken   Journal Article
MacLeish, Ken Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract This article posits an analytic of mobilization–demobilization that attends to the instrumentalization and fungibility of military lives as both a primary source of embodied war-related harm and an undertheorized logic of the US war-making apparatus. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among post-9/11 military veterans in a US military community, the article explores mobilization–demobilization across three registers. First, I contrast it with dominant scholarly framings of ‘transition’, ‘reintegration’, and ‘militarization’, terms that analytically compartmentalize war in space and time. Second, I show how mobilization–demobilization drives the uptake and release of military labor and accounts for continuities between war violence and ‘war-like’ domestic political relations in 20th- and 21st-century US military recruiting, welfare, and personnel practices. Finally, I describe the trajectory of one veteran caught up in some elements of mobilization–demobilization, including injury, post-traumatic stress, substance use, and law-breaking, which are structured by the military’s management of his labor. These dynamics demonstrate crucial empirical links between the domestic and global faces of US war-making, and between war and nominally non-war domains.
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3
ID:   134751


Atrocity propaganda and the nationalization of the masses in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan wars (1912–13) / Cetinkaya, Y Dogan   Article
Cetinkaya, Y Dogan Article
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Summary/Abstract During the Balkan Wars (1912–13), the mobilization of the home front became significant for the belligerent states, which initiated propaganda activities demonizing their enemies and galvanizing the emotions of their publics. This paper explores one type of such mobilization efforts from above, atrocity propaganda, through which states sought to invoke hatred and mobilize public support for war by focusing on the atrocities (mezalim) that their coreligionists had suffered at the hands of enemies. Although the term “atrocity propaganda” has been used exclusively in the context of World War I in the historiography, the practice it describes was effectively utilized during the earlier Balkan Wars. In the Ottoman Empire, both state and civil initiatives played crucial roles in the making of atrocity propaganda, which was disseminated through intense coverage in the Turkish-language press. The imagery it employed shifted with the onset of the wars, becoming increasingly shocking. Atrocity propaganda contributed to the well-known radicalization of nationalism in the late Ottoman Empire.
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4
ID:   152024


Awakening movement: a narrative-level study of mobilization / Newton, Allen   Journal Article
Newton, Allen Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract This essay analyzes the link between mobilization and tribalism that developed in the Anbar Awakening. The Anbar Awakening exposed the Anbari tribal structure as a deeply entrenched and complex network deployed to mobilize support and generate behavior that would achieve the most advantageous strategy and position in a fight against al-Qaeda. Although this description supports David Kilcullen’s tribal society model, the rules of the Awakening movement that restored the tribal network were hardly explored by counter-insurgents for value and opportunity. The essay therefore draws on narratives from Anbari sheikhs to analyze the properties of tribalism (culture, identity, and problem-solving) as a non-linear social network, and demonstrates a paradigm in which mobilization of Anbari tribesmen is a valid indicator of security. The link between mobilization and tribalism in the Anbar Awakening therefore strategically develops to intervene in social life and address security locally.
Key Words Iraq  Al-Qaeda  Mobilization  Social Network  Tribes  Anbar Awakening 
Counter-Insurgency 
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5
ID:   175117


Becoming war: Towards a martial empiricism / Bousquet, Antoine; Grove, Jairus ; Shah, Nisha   Journal Article
Bousquet, Antoine Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Under the banner of martial empiricism, we advance a distinctive set of theoretical and methodological commitments for the study of war. Previous efforts to wrestle with this most recalcitrant of phenomena have sought to ground research upon primary definitions or foundational ontologies of war. By contrast, we propose to embrace war’s incessant becoming, making its creativity, mutability and polyvalence central to our enquiry. Leaving behind the interminable quest for its essence, we embrace war as mystery. We draw on a tradition of radical empiricism to devise a conceptual and contextual mode of enquiry that can follow the processes and operations of war wherever they lead us. Moving beyond the instrumental appropriations of strategic thought and the normative strictures typical of critical approaches, martial empiricism calls for an unbounded investigation into the emergent and generative character of war. Framing the accompanying special issue, we outline three domains around which to orient future research: mobilization, design and encounter. Martial empiricism is no idle exercise in philosophical speculation. It holds the promise of a research agenda apposite to the task of fully contending with the momentous possibilities and dangers of war in our time.
Key Words War  Mobilization  Design  Ontology  William James  Empiricism 
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6
ID:   023091


Citizen participation through mobilization and the rise of political islam in Indonesia / Porter Donald J 2002  Article
Porter Donald J Article
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Publication 2002.
Description 201-224
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7
ID:   142487


Collective rights, mobilization, and accessibility: towards a comparative framework for explaining minority influence on decision making in multiethnic latin America—with empirical reference to case studies in Colombia and Panama / Heinelt, Marie-Sophie   Article
Heinelt, Marie-Sophie Article
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Summary/Abstract This article outlines a comparative perspective on legal multiculturalism in Latin America. It analyzes how consultation and territorial autonomy rights may be used to include the interests of indigenous and afro-descendant minorities in decision making. It is argued that (a) the organizational forms of minorities and (b) previous patterns of interaction with state actors need to be taken into account systematically. Scrutiny of two case studies from Colombia and Panama shows that collective rights can improve access to decision makers and help to channel minority interests into policy outputs. Both case studies reveal that confederal organizational forms help to maintain coherent ethnic mobilization. The Panamanian case furthermore demonstrates that previous interactions with state actors can result in bargaining advantages for minorities.
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8
ID:   148652


Collective threat framing and mobilization in civil war / Shesterinina, Anastasia   Journal Article
Shesterinina, Anastasia Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Research on civil war mobilization emphasizes armed group recruitment tactics and individual motivations to fight, but does not explore how individuals come to perceive the threat involved in civil war. Drawing on eight months of fieldwork with participants and nonparticipants in the Georgian-Abkhaz war of 1992–93, this article argues that social structures, within which individuals are embedded, provide access to information critical for mobilization decisions by collectively framing threat. Threat framing filters from national through local leadership, to be consolidated and acted on within quotidian networks. Depending on how the threat is perceived—whether toward the self or the collectivity at its different levels—individuals adopt self- to other-regarding roles, from fleeing to fighting on behalf of the collectivity, even if it is a weaker actor in the war. This analysis sheds light on how the social framing of threat shapes mobilization trajectories and how normative and instrumental motivations interact in civil war.
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9
ID:   120171


Counterfeit diplomacy and mobilization in democracies / Montgomery, Evan Braden   Journal Article
Montgomery, Evan Braden Journal Article
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Publication 2013.
Summary/Abstract How do policymakers in democratic nations mobilize support for hard-line strategies? Existing answers to this question emphasize the exaggeration of external threats. Yet this overlooks an important dilemma: because democratic citizens expect their leaders to explore peaceful solutions or less aggressive alternatives when foreign dangers are ambiguous, the same conditions that make threat inflation necessary also make it difficult to employ successfully. To mobilize support for hard-line measures when the public wants its leaders to demonstrate restraint, policymakers may therefore attempt to shift blame onto an adversary by using "counterfeit diplomacy." Specifically, democratic leaders may adopt more cooperative or less coercive options than they believe are necessary, but which they anticipate will fail. This approach can be a risky one, however, because an opponent might accept a nation's demands, accede to its conditions, or offer counterproposals in the hope of diffusing support for more confrontational measures.
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10
ID:   100267


Cultivating rice and votes: the institutional origins of agricultural protectionism in Japan / Horiuchi, Yusaku; Saito, Jun   Journal Article
Horiuchi, Yusaku Journal Article
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Publication 2010.
Summary/Abstract We explore in this article an institutional foundation of agricultural protectionism in Japan, a country long recognized as resisting international pressures to open up its rice market. Using our qualitative analysis of postwar politics of agricultural protectionism and a simple formal model, we argue that farmers in Japan have stronger incentives to mobilize electoral support for the governing party in multimember district systems than in single-member district systems, because the marginal effects of mobilization on policy benefits are different under these electoral systems. Our empirical findings corroborate this claim and provide implications for the gradual changes in Japan's farm policies occurring after the electoral reform in 1994.
Key Words Japan  Mobilization  Protectionism  Electoral Systems  Rice  Natural Experiment 
SNTV  Agrarian Politics  MMD 
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11
ID:   129908


Cycles of Jihadist movements and the role of irrationality / Celso, Anthony N   Journal Article
Celso, Anthony N Journal Article
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Publication 2014.
Summary/Abstract The article argues that Islamist terror is driven by irrational forces; it analyzes jihadist values and doctrines that animate Islamic revolutionaries; it then contends that jihadist movements go through a cycle of mobilization, extremism, implosion and recreation. Finally, it assesses the prospects for jihadist revitalization, extremism, and decline in Syria and the Sahel. Examples from the Iraqi and Algerian jihadist campaigns are used for illustrative purposes throughout.
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12
ID:   098185


Death becomes her: women, occupation, and terrorist mobilization / Bloom, Mia   Journal Article
Bloom, Mia Journal Article
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Publication 2010.
Key Words Women  Terrorist  Mobilization  Occupation 
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13
ID:   116442


Democratic representation and the constituency paradox / Disch, Lisa   Journal Article
Disch, Lisa Journal Article
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Publication 2012.
Summary/Abstract That acts of democratic representation participate in creating the interests for which legislators and other officials purport merely to stand gives rise to the "constituency paradox." I elucidate this paradox through a critical reading of Hanna Pitkin's The Concept of Representation, together with her classic study of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein and Justice. Pitkin's core insight into democratic representation is that democratic representation is "quasi-performative": an activity that mobilizes constituencies by the interests it claims in their name. I develop this insight together with its implications for contemporary scholarship on the political effects of economic equality. I conclude by arguing that the fundamental democratic deficiency of the US political system goes much deeper than its disproportionate responsiveness to wealthy interests; it is a matter of system biases that foster the formation and expression of those interests, while mitigating against mobilization by those Americans who want inequality to be reduced.
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14
ID:   109142


Do religious factors impact armed conflict? empirical evidence / Basedau, Matthias; Struver, Georg; Vullers, Johannes; Wegenast, Tim   Journal Article
Basedau, Matthias Journal Article
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Publication 2011.
Summary/Abstract Theoretically, the "mobilization hypothesis" establishes a link between religion and conflict by arguing that particular religious structures are prone to mobilization; once politicized, escalation to violent conflict becomes more likely. Yet, despite the religious diversity in sub-Saharan Africa and the religious overtones in a number of African conflicts, this assumption has not yet been backed by systematic empirical research on the religion-conflict nexus in the region. The following questions thus remain: Do religious factors significantly impact the onset of (religious) armed conflict? If so, do they follow the logic of the mobilization hypothesis and, if so, in which way? To answer these questions, this article draws on a unique data inventory of all sub-Saharan countries for the period 1990-2008, particularly including data on mobilization-prone religious structures (e.g., demographic changes, parallel ethno-religious identities) as well as religious factors indicating actual politicization of religion (e.g., inter-religious tensions, religious discrimination, incitement by religious leaders). Logit regressions suggest that religion indeed plays a significant role in African armed conflicts. These findings are compatible with the mobilization hypothesis, and stress the impact of conflict-prone religious structures, and particularly, the fact that overlaps of religious and ethnic identities are conflict-prone. Future research should investigate the religion-ethnicity-nexus in more detail.
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15
ID:   154652


Domestic motivation and the case of the East China Sea ADIZ : diversion or mobilization? / Hsu, Szu-chien ; Hsu, Hsiao-Chi   Journal Article
Hsu, Hsiao-Chi Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract China's declaration of an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) in the East China Sea shocked the international community, and many explanations have been offered about the motivation behind it. We argue that domestic politics played a key role in the ADIZ policy. However, existing studies have not paid sufficient attention to decisionmakers' political motivation. To fill this gap, we explore two distinct models: the diversionary foreign policy model and the mobilization model. Both models focus on the linkage between the state leader's domestic political consideration and foreign policy behavior, but each has different theoretical and empirical implications. Our findings suggest that the mobilization model offers a better explanation of the motivation for China's move.
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16
ID:   090214


Eastern Muslims of Sri Lanka: special problems and solutions / Imtiyaz, A R M   Journal Article
Imtiyaz, A R M Journal Article
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Publication 2009.
Summary/Abstract Conflict in Sri Lanka between the Tamils and the Sinhalese brought the Eastern Muslims into the crossfire. Muslim elites and politicians generally cooperate with the Sinhalese ruling class. Such cohabitation irritated the Tamils. Since 1985, relations between the Tamils and the Muslims in the Eastern region have become strained, and Muslims claimed they have some problems to be solved. This study attempts to identify some special problems of the Eastern Muslims. A questionnaire on the special problems of the Eastern Muslims was distributed to the Eastern youth, students, unemployed Muslims and farmers. The population of the target group was selected randomly. More than 150 questionnaires were issued with a 75 percent response rate. Interviews were also conducted on the phone with an educated section of the Eastern Muslims. This study also suggests solutions to the protracted ethno-political conflict based on power sharing.
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17
ID:   106332


Embedded mobilization: nonstate service provision as election strategy in India / Thachil, Tariq   Journal Article
Thachil, Tariq Journal Article
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Publication 2011.
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18
ID:   184194


Emerging diasporas: Exploring mobilization outside the homeland / Kopchick, Connor   Journal Article
Connor Kopchick Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract An enormous number of people are leaving their homelands around the world today. This has happened several times in the past, but migration has spiked in recent years. These population movements can have significant effects on both the host country (where emigrants or refugees settle), as well as politics back in the homeland. After they leave their homelands, why do some groups mobilize, and in what ways? In this article, we examine a number of factors that may impact when emigrated groups mobilize after they move. We develop a new dataset on potential diasporas in the United States to evaluate a series of hypotheses, including those about motivations for mobilization such as identity maintenance, the objective plight of co-ethnics in the homeland, and group capacity to mobilize. We find some merit in the identity preservation argument and a strong effect of geographic concentration of the diaspora segment. Surprisingly, diaspora mobilization does not appear to be strongly related to conflict in the homeland among these groups.
Key Words Diaspora  Mobilization  Identity 
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19
ID:   115069


Fascistoid Russia: whither Putin's brittle realm? / Motyl, Alexander J   Journal Article
Motyl, Alexander J Journal Article
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Publication 2012.
Summary/Abstract The massive demonstrations that rocked Russia in the aftermath of the Duma elections of December 4, 2011, surprised everyone, including most Russians. But they shouldn't have. The conditions for such an upheaval have been ripening as a result of the growing power and decrepitude of Putinism. It is likely that popular mobilization will continue, and that the regime's days may be numbered.
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20
ID:   170200


Findings in Search of a Controversy and in Need of More Data / Bunce, Valerie; Wolchik, Sharon L   Journal Article
Bunce, Valerie Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Based on their quantitative survey of democracy protests from 1989 to 2011, Dawn Brancati and Adrian Lucardi conclude that diffusion of such protests is the exception, not the rule; that domestic factors rather than international diffusion are key in determining if diffusion occurs and that their findings call into serious question the received wisdom about democratic diffusion. We have several problems with their analysis. First, no serious scholar of diffusion has claimed that the diffusion of subversive innovations supporting democracy is common or frequent, given the difficulties involved. Their conclusion that such diffusion is not common thus echoes, rather than challenges those of many scholars of diffusion. Second, their conclusion that domestic factors are primary in rejecting or sometimes supporting democratic change is also unsurprising. Virtually every empirical account and every theory of cross-national diffusion identify variation in domestic receptivity to change as a key element in determining if diffusion occurs, and its limits. Finally, we question the authors’ decision to limit their analysis of diffusion to protests. Innovative challenges to authoritarian rule have taken many additional forms, including roundtables and legal challenges, as well as voter registration and get out the vote drives, agreements among opposition parties, work by civil society organizations, and participation in transnational networks of democracy activists, in addition to protests. Democracy protests are in fact a small and perhaps unrepresentative part of challenges to authoritarian rule; they are likely the result of a series of innovative actions that are hard to quantify and hard to trace, and for this reason are missing from Brancatii and Lucardi’s analysis. Their analysis, therefore, does not challenge the accepted wisdom on diffusion, but, in fact, lends partial support to its conclusions, support that is limited by the kinds of data collected and the authors’ understanding of both innovation and diffusion.
Key Words Democracy  Mobilization  Diffusion  Protests 
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