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| 1 |
ID:
169581
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| Summary/Abstract |
General discussions on formal and informal trade do not reveal the actual scenario concerning informal trade within formal trade though a significant part of Bangladesh’s informal trade takes place through formal channels. This paper attempts to demystify such informal imports through the legitimate channels. Data collected from different entry points for the fiscal years (i.e., FY 2015-16 and 2016-17) have been analyzed using descriptive statistics for providing a fresh perspective in this regard. Findings reveal that importers show less import quantity or value and hide true description of commodities to evade duties and taxes. Some unscrupulous importers show higher and lower volume as lower and higher duty items respectively for dodging taxes. Money laundering in the name of import is also evident. The policy implication to reduce such illegitimate imports into Bangladesh is to put more emphasis on physical examination using non-intrusive scanning or examining tools at the import stage.
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| 2 |
ID:
139875
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| Summary/Abstract |
Bhutan has grown enormously from the special relations it has had with India in all facets of its progress as a nation. It has matured in international stature and its sovereignty is altogether recognized. Economically, India has assisted in its all round expansion. Further, India has remained firm on its promise that it will not interfere in the domestic matters of Bhutan. This paper examines and compares international trade in and between the two economies and to draw implications for both the economies.
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| 3 |
ID:
160632
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| Summary/Abstract |
Why do Chinese traders along the China–North Korea border turn to informal trade, and what does it provide for them? Using a unique set of interviews with Chinese formal and informal traders operating in North Korea, we argue that the strategies of informal trade are a calculated response to certain types of risk. In doing so, we introduce a typology of risks and the mechanisms by which informal trade allows traders to mitigate those risks. Because informal traders bypass trade regulations and border checkpoints, they are able to mitigate risk more cheaply than formal traders in some cases and can overcome barriers that can cause failure in formal trade. Informal traders can thus maintain trade in many circumstances, including across North Korean personnel instability and policy reversals, Chinese sanctions enforcement, and delays and smuggling crackdowns on both sides of the border.
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