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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
142103
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| Summary/Abstract |
Since the early 1960s, China has been enhancing national power and, in this regard, Chinese space capabilities play a pivotal role. Today, China is second among spacefaring counties, behind the United States, as a measure of human spaceflight, as well as in commercial and military satellite systems. Chinese space technology, in contrast to developed nations, is comparatively cost-effective; China is sharing it with developing nations for their space programs, consequently expanding the pool of spacefaring states. Most significantly, China’s nuclear, military, and space capabilities provide it with an opportunity to reassert itself as a global power, enhancing its strategic outreach and preventing adversaries from contemplating strategies against it.
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| 2 |
ID:
165051
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| 3 |
ID:
165054
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| Summary/Abstract |
Despite political, technological, and economic constraints, Pakistan is considered an aspiring space power with a relatively modest space program compared to the larger, more successful ones of China and India. Innovative leadership, smart allocation of national resources, and political will are all necessary for any country to progress in such a high-technology field. The Chinese and Indian space programs pose unique challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. Rivalry with India over its regional and extra-regional ambitions means that Pakistan would have to give serious thought towards bolstering its space program as part of its national outlook in the twenty-first century. Pakistan can utilize cordial relations with China to improve its nascent space infrastructure through collaborative efforts to gain eventual self-sufficiency for socioeconomic and strategic purposes in the South Asian region. While Pakistan may not have the economic clout of a bigger power, it can utilize the “Space 2.0” concept of multilateral and public-private partnerships to empower its space program, enhance its domestic scientific and technological base, and build an indigenous space industry that can reap dividends at home and abroad. This can also benefit Pakistan’s needs to maintain strategic parity with India and stake its own claims as an emerging space nation.
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| 4 |
ID:
165052
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| Summary/Abstract |
The peculiar nature of bilateral relations between the United States and China in space is the triggering point of a space security trilemma in South Asia. The spill-over effect of a misperception-misunderstanding dynamic between the United States and China in outer space has brought strategic transformation between the bilateral relations among India-China, India-Pakistan, and China-Pakistan, accentuating a security trilemma. All three states give high importance to their national space programs to achieve socioeconomic goals and to fulfill their national security needs. All three states also recognize the strategic importance of space as a new arena of war. However, the power asymmetry in South Asia has highlighted space-related capabilities as a potent medium of progress and power accumulation. As a result, the challenges in space have triggered and magnified the security trilemma for the South Asian rivals, interconnecting China, India, and Pakistan in the context of an international security complex.
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| 5 |
ID:
145764
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| Summary/Abstract |
Like other powers, over the last two decades India has reevaluated its military strategy, tactics, and doctrine. The doctrinal reassessment is regional-centric,1 seemingly planned to gain regional influence with the intention of acquiring a great power status. The structural changes in the overall Indian military strategy involve its nuclear doctrine, which is quite worrisome for Islamabad. Particularly disconcerting, Indian doctrinal restructuring, although like any other modern state, is shrouded in ambiguity. This is likely to intensify the “fog of war,”2 and would unfortunately create more uncertainty, especially during crises or conflicts.
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