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ID:
145911
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| Summary/Abstract |
Material progress of the society has not brought about an improvement in the quality of society in terms of right living and right thinking. As we raise our concern about the declining standards of values system in the society and realize that upliftment of any society depends on how ethical are the standards of behavior, we come to the conclusion that restoring values is an urgency as well as an emergency. But the biggest difficulty is in drawing the line between ethical and unethical given the growing preponderance of self-interest over all other interests. Definition notwithstanding, the one important way out is looking at the life and times of benchmarks in the form of personalities and characters who have lived life ethically and conducted themselves righteously. The present article discuss these issues in detail.
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| 2 |
ID:
142235
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| Summary/Abstract |
Non-governmental organisations use benchmarks as a form of symbolic violence to place political pressure on firms, states, and international organisations. The development of benchmarks requires three elements: (1) salience, that the community of concern is aware of the issue and views it as important; (2) will, that activists and issue entrepreneurs will carry the message forward; and (3) expertise, that benchmarks created can be defended as accurate representations of what is happening on the issue of concern. We contrast two types of benchmarking cycles where salience, will, and expertise are put to the test. The first is a reformist benchmarking cycle where organisations defer to experts to create a benchmark that conforms with the broader system of politico-economic norms. The second is a revolutionary benchmarking cycle driven by expert-activists that seek to contest strong vested interests and challenge established politico-economic norms. Differentiating these cycles provides insights into how activists work through organisations and with expert networks, as well as how campaigns on complex economic issues can be mounted and sustained.
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