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ID:
143117
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| Summary/Abstract |
The good thing about our world today is that the spread of information leaves little secret about history. To illustrate this I would like to remind our readers about the Anglo-Russian Convention signed in St. Petersburg in 1907, which left Tibet with China, put Afghanistan under British rule, and divided Iran between Britain and Russia, giving the latter control over the Caspian Sea. If the October Revolution of 1917 had not taken place, the Great Game would have been over. The Sublime Porte shrank enormously after World War I, Russia acquired new territories in Eastern Anatolia under the Sykes-Picot Agreement (a special provision gave Russia control over the Black Sea Straits), and the U.S. presence in the Middle East was barely noticeable, while Britain and France played a leading role in the region.
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| 2 |
ID:
143119
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| Summary/Abstract |
The well-known human needs graphically shown in Maslow's hierarchy of needs should probably be revised to add one more - knowledge of the future. This is necessitated by both existential factors (which make religion eternal) and practical ones (knowledge of the future helps to get prepared for it in advance or turn it to one's profit). The "new normal" has moved from purely theoretical discussions to political discourse at the top official level in Russia, reflecting not only the recognition of accelerating political and economic processes in the world, but also the understanding of their outcome in a span of twenty, thirty or even fifty years.
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| 3 |
ID:
143125
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| Summary/Abstract |
On 3 September 2014, China for the first time celebrated a new national holiday -Victory Day in the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The holiday was established on 27 February 2014 by the 12th Session of the Permanent Committee of the National People's Congress. At the same time, the People's Congress designated December 13 as National Memorial Day for the Nanjing Massacre Victims. The official purpose of the new holidays is to "engrave those events in the national memory of the Chinese people and make them a source of strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." Chinese media report that celebrating the victory in the anti-Japanese war will "inspire China to show more initiative in international cooperation, invigorate its worldwide activities, and assume greater responsibility and obligations in the world community."
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| 4 |
ID:
143126
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Several significant changes have taken place in Chinas foreign strategies in the last 50-odd years. From the beginning of the 1960s till the end of the Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Chinas foreign strategies were aimed at fighting revisionism and hegemonism, spreading "left-wing extremism," and achieving the world revolution.
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| 5 |
ID:
143120
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| Summary/Abstract |
Cunning, the art of diplomatic game, the ability to make others respect your own opinion - all have certain limits in foreign policy. Everything that can dismay or delight "partners" lies within the range of resources that a country's economy can provide.
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| 6 |
ID:
143113
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| Summary/Abstract |
"Fifty years ago the streets of Leningrad taught me a lesson: if a fight is inevitable, hit first." These words by Vladimir Putin have become a most quoted phrase of the past fall. Said at the Valdai International Discussion Club, it unambiguously conveys the underlying principle of Russia's current foreign policy. As Sergei Minasyan writes in his article, this is the second time the Kremlins abrupt and large-scale military-political actions have caught everyone off guard. In his opinion, the Middle East will most likely be the focal point of Russia's activities in the coming - and probably long - period.
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| 7 |
ID:
143116
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the last year, an alternative model of statehood for the Middle East region has become a widely discussed topic. While the ideas of various alternative projects appeared quite often in the 20th century (in connection with the establishment of the State of Palestine, the Kurdish problem, the Third International Theory of Muammar Gaddafi, etc.), they occupied a marginal place and hardly ever came close to realization (it will suffice to recall the idea of democratic confederalism by Abdullah Ocalan). However, the rapid strengthening of the Islamic State (IS) and its exoticism seem to create the impression of a sudden emergence of a real alternative.
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| 8 |
ID:
143122
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At the beginning of October 2015 the world map of trading and economic alliances underwent an unprecedented transformation with the conclusion of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. The Trans-Pacific Partnership is the largest regional integration group in the Pacific region built on the basis of a free trade zone. The TPP accounts for almost 40 percent of the global GDP and for nearly a third of world trade flows. Using the term coined by Vladimir Lenin, the TPP can be described as "the highest stage of regionalism," for it heralds the emergence of the first transcontinental integration group. The event will have drastic effects on trade and investment flows, and not only those in the vast expanses of the Pacific, but also on the global scale.
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| 9 |
ID:
143127
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's growing resolve annoys the West, but today's global leaders remain quite skeptical about the chances of an alternative "Chinese world order." Creating a different world order requires a different set of political values. If one assumes that China has neither the ideology nor values other countries may find attractive enough, it is easy to surmise that the chances of Chinas international agenda look slim.
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| 10 |
ID:
143121
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| Summary/Abstract |
Central Eurasia is embarking on a major transformation to change its economic and political system. The growing rapport between Russia and China, progressing Eurasian integration, and Beijing's reciprocal trade and investment initiatives have added new dynamics to this process. The implementation of the joint statement of the presidents of Russia and China on the integration of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) projects helps not only identify areas of cooperation within the EAEU and with China, but also assess related challenges.
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| 11 |
ID:
143124
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| Summary/Abstract |
Fyodor Lukyanov talks with Alexei Miller, a Professor of History at the European University in St. Petersburg and Central European University in Budapest, about the role of history in politics today
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| 12 |
ID:
143123
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| Summary/Abstract |
Unlike other national and international mechanisms regulating social relations, law rests on formal logic because it grew out of the ancient rational tradition and was strengthened with the Protestant spirit of the modern era. If the word 'sanctions' belongs to the legal sphere, it must comply with its laws, including formal/logical ones.
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| 13 |
ID:
143115
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| Summary/Abstract |
Renowned French archaeologist Andre Parrot used to say that all human beings have two motherlands. Parrot, who was the first director of The Louvre, insisted that one homeland is where you were born and the other is Syria (in the broader sense, Mesopotamia), because of its cultural heritage and the role the region has played in human history. Indeed, Syria belongs with a handful of Middle Eastern countries regarded as the cradle of civilization because they gave birth to many crucial discoveries - from the emergence of arable farming and cattle breeding to the invention of wheeled vehicles and the modern alphabetic writing system, which critically facilitated registration and the dissemination of information.
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| 14 |
ID:
143114
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| Summary/Abstract |
Sending ripples across the region and the world, the Russian operation in Syria has become a major international military and political event, especially amid the conflict in Ukraine and the dramatic deterioration in relations with the West. Now that the military campaign is underway and in order to assess its further progress, it is important to understand the regional context of Russia's "Syrian gambit" and the key military and political aspects.
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| 15 |
ID:
143118
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| Summary/Abstract |
The category of national interest is intuitively self-evident and clear, but attempts to interpret it as applied to the goals and objectives of foreign policy often generate more questions than answers. Here is an example that will be a thorn in Russia's relations with the West for decades.
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