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| 1 |
ID:
143368
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| Summary/Abstract |
We examine how the system of “federalism, Chinese style” functions in the context of land allocation. China's land laws give provision of land a central role in local officials' growth promotion strategies. Requisitions of farmland by local authorities have engendered significant rural unrest. In response, the central government has attempted to re-establish control over the pace of urban land expansion by enacting regulations limiting conversion of rural land to urban uses. We derive theoretically the conditions under which non-compliance with such regulations is optimal. An econometric investigation shows that legal restrictions on farmland conversion had little or no effect on rates of farmland loss but did limit urban spatial growth. Our econometric evidence is consistent with limited enforcement of those legal limits on farmland conversion.
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| 2 |
ID:
143364
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| Summary/Abstract |
There is a great degree of heterogeneity among the studies that investigate whether computer technologies improve education and how students benefit from them – if at all. The overall goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of computing technologies to raise educational performance and non-cognitive outcomes and identify what program components are most effective in doing so. To achieve this aim we pool the data sets of five separate studies about computer technology programs that include observations of 16,856 students from 171 primary schools across three provinces in China. We find that overall computing technologies have positive and significant impacts on student academic achievement in both math and in Chinese. The programs are found to be more effective if they are implemented out-of-school, avoiding what appear to be substitution effects when programs are run during school. The programs also have heterogeneous effects by gender. Specifically, boys gain more than girls in Chinese. We did not find heterogeneous effects by student initial achievement levels. We also found that the programs that help students learn math—but not Chinese—have positive impacts on student self-efficacy.
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| 3 |
ID:
143379
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| Summary/Abstract |
This study uses techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) combined with information entropy weight (IEW), to investigate the performance of 68 Chinese universities belonging to the Ministry of Education (MOE) from 2002 to 2011. Assessments in teaching & research, and development ability reflect the short-term and long-term performance respectively. Development ability, consisting of human & physical capital, is an essential determinant, which is hardly found in the former evaluation. The performance of universities suggests that current fiscal expenditure allocation mechanism on Chinese universities is unreasonable, and Chinese higher education as a whole is inefficient. Furthermore, the performance of universities within the eastern region is better than the universities within the central and western regions, and that of the comprehensive universities is better than most specialist universities. Research and development ability largely determine the overall performance of universities. And the superiority and inferiority still co-exist in Chinese universities.
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| 4 |
ID:
143362
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's environmental pollution casts a shadow on its economic success. Concerning fiscal decentralization, China introduced the rule-based tax assignment system in 1994. To avoid the structural change in underlying fiscal regimes, we use the provincial panel data during the period 1995–2010. We find that fiscal decentralization has no significant effect on environmental pollution as it is measured per capita emission of wastewater, waste gas or solid waste in system GMM (Generalized method of moments) estimation. Our results are robust when we use different measures of fiscal decentralization. We further find that fiscal decentralization has a significant, positive effect on pollution abatement spending and pollutant discharge fees, which indicates possible mechanisms for fiscal decentralization to help protect the environment.
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| 5 |
ID:
143383
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| Summary/Abstract |
There is an incompatibility between measures of trade in goods and services. The measures of goods trade reflecting GATT are restricted to trade that crosses borders. Service trade, however, under GATS includes both cross-border delivery and foreign affiliate sales within borders. We propose that for comparability the trade component of foreign affiliate sales in goods should be included in goods trade or affiliate sales should be removed from the service trade data. We make modifications to reported goods and services trade for specific countries by using data on affiliate sales to produce more consistently measured cross country estimates of trade flows.
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| 6 |
ID:
143381
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| Summary/Abstract |
Child health is not only a key indicator of overall quality of public health, but also vital for the future economic development of a country. In recent years, with unprecedented urbanization of China, many children in rural areas have been left behind while their parents migrate to urban areas to seek employment opportunities. Thus, it is considerably important for us to understand the effects of lack of parental care on the health status of left-behind children. Using data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), we find that the left-behind children in rural areas are significantly 20.0% more likely to get sick or develop chronic conditions than those living with their parents. We also find that girls are more vulnerable than boys and younger children are more vulnerable than older children to lack of parental care.
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| 7 |
ID:
143360
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| Summary/Abstract |
Using new firm-level data from the Emerging Multinationals' Events and Networks DATAbase (EMENDATA), this paper investigates the effects on Chinese firms of Outward FDI (OFDI) into advanced European countries. Propensity score matching is combined with a difference-in-difference (DiD) estimator to reduce the problem of self-selection of treated firms in foreign markets, and to eliminate time-invariant and unobservable differences between those firms and the controls. The results provide robust evidence supporting the view that China's OFDI so far have had a positive impact on domestic activities in enhancing firms' productivity and scales of operation, measured by sales and employment. When we distinguish among investments on the basis of entry mode, accounting for endogeneity in the selection process, acquisitions facilitate early access to intangible assets, but are detrimental to financial performance, while greenfield investments have a stronger impact on the scale and productivity of Chinese multinationals investing in Europe.
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| 8 |
ID:
143358
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| Summary/Abstract |
Teacher quality is an important factor in improving student achievement. As such, policymakers have constructed a number of different credentials to identify high quality teachers. Unfortunately, few of the credentials used in developing countries have been validated (in terms of whether teachers holding such credentials actually improve student achievement). In this study, we employ a student-fixed effects model to estimate the impact of teacher credentials on student achievement in the context of the biggest education system in the world: China. We find that having a teacher with the highest rank (a credential based on annual assessments by local administrators) has positive impacts on student achievement relative to having a teacher who has not achieved the highest rank. We further find that teacher rank has heterogeneous impacts, benefiting economically poor students more than non-poor students. However, whether a teacher attends college or holds teaching awards does not appear to provide additional information on teacher quality (in terms of improving student achievement).
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| 9 |
ID:
143372
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| Summary/Abstract |
Economic theory suggests that income inequality predicts housing price and housing affordability for low-income households. Employing Chinese urban household survey data, this paper examines empirically the relationship between income inequality and access to housing for urban low-income households. The empirical results demonstrate that higher income inequality within cities is significantly related to a higher housing cost burden, a smaller per capita living space, and lower housing quality for low-income households. Further studies demonstrate that the negative impacts of income inequality could be moderated by product differentiation in housing markets, as a higher degree of differentiation in the size of housing units corresponds to a smaller effect of income inequality on housing affordability.
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| 10 |
ID:
143361
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper estimates income polarization in China from 1978 to 2010 and decomposes the estimated polarization by population subgroups. In addition, a framework is proposed to disentangle a change in polarization into a growth and a redistribution component. This framework is then used to quantify the contributions of various income sources to a rise in polarization in China between 2002 and 2007. The analytical results suggest that (1) income polarization exhibited a broadly increasing trend from 1978 to 2010; (2) income polarization was large and rising among rural citizens, while low and declining among urban citizens; polarization of migrants also declined; (3) geographically, income polarization rose in east and particularly central China, while west China was most polarized with little change over time; and (4) the rise in polarization between 2002 and 2007 was mainly driven by the investment income, followed by transfers. Conversely, business income is polarization-reducing, especially in rural China. To a lesser extent, wage is also polarization-reducing, especially among migrants.
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| 11 |
ID:
143382
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| Summary/Abstract |
This study compares the innovation process of Huawei and ZTE in China using their patent data. By using patent statistics and raw data, this study provides more detailed findings than what statistics alone can provide. Huawei and ZTE were selected for this study mainly because they were the only Chinese firms that ranked among the top 100 PCT applicants in 2011. This study investigates the difference in the innovation process in R&D between Huawei and ZTE by analyzing (1) domestic and international patent application patterns, (2) granted patents, (3) co-applicants and inventors, (4) knowledge accumulation inside Huawei and ZTE, and (5) knowledge spillover to domestic and foreign firms.
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| 12 |
ID:
143369
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper analyzes Chinese patenting abroad by constructing a novel database of foreign-oriented patent families (1970–2012) and by distilling stylized facts about China's international patenting strategies. Patent families are a set of related patents filed in one or more foreign jurisdictions to protect the same invention. We find that by the turn of the century China emerged as major actor in terms of international patenting. Nonetheless, the share of Chinese patents which get filed abroad is still a fraction of patents filed at home; most patents abroad also only target one foreign country. Moreover, China's foreign patents are concentrated in a few technology fields and in a few firms, mostly the information technology sector. A shift is underway however to an increased proportion of filings abroad. The paper finds that the main drivers for this change are the desire to facilitate collaboration, to license IP, and to further the firm's reputation as true innovator.
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| 13 |
ID:
143374
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| Summary/Abstract |
In this paper we examine whether China has benefited more from spending on R&D than other countries by conducting a meta-analysis of the relevant literature on a large number of countries at different stages of economic development. The results suggest that the growth-enhancing effect of R&D spending in China has been significantly weaker than that of other countries. It is thus unlikely that R&D spending has been successful as a key contributing factor to economic growth in China.
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| 14 |
ID:
143377
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's dependence on coal is a major contributor to local and global environmental problems. In this paper we estimate the price elasticity of demand for coal in China using a panel of province-level data for 1998–2012. We find that provincial coal demand has become increasingly price elastic. As of 2012 we estimate that this elasticity was in the range − 0.3 to − 0.7 in point estimate terms when responses over two years are considered. The results imply that China's coal market is becoming more suited to price-based approaches to reducing emissions. The elimination of coal consumption subsidies could reduce national coal use and related emissions by around 2%.
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| 15 |
ID:
143370
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| Summary/Abstract |
We use household and farm-plot level data from a two period panel survey covering six provinces in China to explore how tenure security, especially issuance of land documents, affected people's behavior in China's rural land rental market. A correlated random effect model is used to account for the endogeneity of document issuance and land reallocations. The econometric analysis shows that possession of documents and fewer major land reallocations encourage households to engage in land renting to non-family members, and the effects of land right documents are stronger in 2008 than in 2000.
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| 16 |
ID:
143357
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| Summary/Abstract |
Does exporting increase the firm’s productivity causally? Focusing on Chinese exporters over the period 1998-2007, we construct a new measure of firm-specific trade cost, based on the daily Baltic Dry Index (BDI), as an instrument of exports. The BDI is termed a leading trade cost indicator, reflecting the cost of utilizing dry bulk carriers which primarily consists of materials that function as raw material inputs to the production of finished goods. We find that a one percentage point expansion in exports raises firm total factor productivity by approximately 0.04 percentage point on average, which accounts for nearly 60 percent growth of the exporter’s productivity over the period 1999-2007
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| 17 |
ID:
143375
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| Summary/Abstract |
This study proposes an improved method for measuring green productivity growth in order to overcome the “discriminating power problem” and “technical regress” associated with the conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models. The rationale is to combine the concepts of super-efficiency and sequential DEA models to subsequently construct an improved production possibility set for the directional distance function (DDF). With this enhancement, the Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index (MLPI), which can be compared across sections and periods, is proposed. Therefore, the correct technical and efficiency change components can be obtained after decomposing the MLPI. This novel MLPI is employed to measure the green productivity growth of 36 Chinese industrial subsectors during the period 1998–2011, under the constraint of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. A comparison of the measures of the current study with the productivity growth indexes that have been previously used yielded the following results: (i) productivity growth rate is overestimated without considering CO2 emissions; (ii) the rates of technical and efficiency changes are under- and over-estimated respectively, and (iii) the rate of green productivity growth is also underestimated by the previous indexes. The main conclusions and its policy implications for China's green productivity growth through technology progress and structural adjustment are discussed in-depth.
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| 18 |
ID:
143359
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper studies the temporal evolution of the size distribution of China's listed companies. We first identify a Pareto distribution for the upper-tail distribution. Unexpectedly, we observe that overall the Pareto coefficients decreased over the years from 2001 to 2013, which has not been reported previously in the literature. In particular, the Pareto coefficients dropped significantly during 2001 to 2008, and then fluctuated at the lowest level after 2008. A decreasing Pareto coefficient implies that the firm size inequality of the China's listed companies continuously increases during these years. By analyzing the relationship between the growth and size of firms based on a panel data model, we find that one possible reason causing the Pareto coefficients to decrease is that large firms grow faster than small ones, which is in particularly true during the non-tradable shares reform period. Furthermore, estimation results of the panel data model show that after 2008 large firms grew not as fast as they would before 2008, indicating a possible negative outcome due to the global financial crisis, which affected the growth of large firms. In addition, we examine the newly listed companies and discover that the newly listed companies with size greater than the lower bound of Pareto distribution also contribute to the decrease of the Pareto coefficients.
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| 19 |
ID:
143365
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper provides a specific application of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in order to explain the effect of population growth on the environment. The main purpose is contributing to enhance the connection between theoretical and empirical analysis. We develop an overlapping generations (OLG) model that featured with an inverted U-shaped relationship between pollution emission and income and we examine the effect of population growth on this relationship. Simulations illustrate the model's predictions that positive population growth makes the EKC steeper and have higher peak, but it does not fundamentally change the pollution–income relationship. The econometric analysis finds evidence supporting our model's predictions using Chinese data at the province level.
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| 20 |
ID:
143378
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper takes 533 operational risk loss events publicly announced by Chinese commercial banks in the period of 1995-2012 as the sample, using Peaks over Threshold (POT) model to quantify the operational risk. The statistical data classification indicates the internal fraud is the main type of operational risk in Chinese commercial banks. This paper explains its causes from the perspective of behavioral finance. The results are as follows: first, Chinese commercial banks' operational risk loss events show an upward trend, then downward trend beginning in 2003 and currently an upward trend again; second, through the empirical analysis, this paper simulates the extreme value distribution function, finds the optimal threshold, and calculates the VaR and ES of the operational risk of Chinese commercial banks and compare them at different confidence levels; and third, in view of behavioral finance theory, overconfidence and loss aversion contribute to high internal fraud incidence.
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