| Summary/Abstract |
The summer of 2015 heralded the beginning of “Year Two” of the U.S.-led international coalition's airstrikes against Islamic State (IS)—also known interchangeably as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham or Syria (ISIS), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and Da'esh. So far to date, the results of the campaign—indeed, what can be termed the campaigns that have been witnessed—against IS are hugely mixed. A highly complex, gradual, long-term approach is clearly underway and is expected to continue on that trajectory into the foreseeable future. Much patience requires sustained maintenance.
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