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ID:
148648
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| Summary/Abstract |
This essay presents the findings of comparative research on democratic transitions by reforma in Greece, Spain, and Turkey but in a framework not previously used and one rather different from the one established in the now-classical study of democratic transitions set by Guillermo O’Donnell and Laurence Whitehead in the 1980s. The departing point of this comparative approach is a case unknown to many: the ill-fated 1973 Greek attempt at self-transformation, known as “the Markezinis experiment” after Spyros Markezinis, who assumed the task of bringing the country to democracy in the way Adolfo Suárez González would do in Spain four years later. The attempt stalled before it was ended by a coup organized by the regime hard-liners tacitly backed by the military as an institution. The cases compared include Spain and Turkey, which underwent similar transitions, but with very different outcomes: consolidated democracy and “difficult democracy,” respectively. The reasons are sought in the different regime natures and elite and counterelite choices.
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| 2 |
ID:
166749
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| Summary/Abstract |
Examining the impact of the international system on the domestic system in countries in the process of democratisation, the article seeks to account for the relation between regime-initiated democratic transitions and the international factor, taking two case studies of the way the international factor interacted with the decisions and tactics of regime and opposition elites. The first is the Spanish exemplary reforma pactada of 1977; the second is the much less studied case of the short-lived and aborted “Markezinis experiment” in Greece in 1973, the failure of which has been blamed by its protagonist on external- mainly American- opposition.
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| 3 |
ID:
145634
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| Summary/Abstract |
An unnoticed similarity between the Greek dictatorship of 1967 and the Turkish one of 1980 is the unsuccessful Greek regime's attempt to transform itself as the Turkish one did in 1983. The failure of the “Markezinis experiment” (the Greek regime-led transition) presents an interesting comparison with the Turkish transition of 1983, calling for an accounting of the reasons for the different outcomes of the two regimes’ self-transformation attempts. The article offers a framework for the above, based on the difference in the position of the regimes vis-à-vis that of the army within the political of the two countries before and during the dictatorships, and on the tactics of the actors involved in the transition processes.
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