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| Srl | Item |
| 1 |
ID:
147519
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| Summary/Abstract |
There is a growing consensus among stakeholders around the world that the long-term objective of human space exploration is the long-duration presence of humans on the surface of Mars. However, the key question concerns the choice of near-term missions that will bridge current human spaceflight activities in low Earth orbit (LEO) and eventual Mars exploration. This paper contributes to this debate by identifying the scope of possible near-term missions, arguing that there are only four realistic proposals for initial human exploration beyond low Earth orbit: a cis-lunar habitat, asteroid redirect, Mars flyby, and a short lunar surface sortie. The paper then evaluates these missions across five criteria: 1) technical/economic feasibility, 2) contribution to the eventual goal of exploring Mars, 3) potential for international cooperation, 4) global readiness for the mission, and 5) political feasibility to establish a clear assessment of the pros and cons of each of these four missions. While recognizing that any one of these missions represents a feasible option for future human space exploration, we recommend that the international community pursue development of a cis-lunar habitat as its immediate goal. This mission maximizes development of technology necessary for Mars exploration, provides significant opportunities for meaningful international participation, and could be achieved on a reasonable schedule with current budgets. Both the asteroid redirect mission and lunar exploration plans have the potential to benefit from the development of a cis-lunar habitat and could be retained as intermediate or parallel missions, as resources allow.
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| 2 |
ID:
181878
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| Summary/Abstract |
The article explains why Weaponisation of outer space may soon be inevitable and that development of space weapons is a serious issue, especially in regard to dealing with sensitive dual-use technology. At the same time, the Earth may be threatened by incoming asteroids and comets, which may endanger humankind’s existence. Hence, it is advisable to develop effective planetary defence systems. However, the article claims that discussed planetary defence technology – kinetic impactor, nuclear explosion, gravity tractor and space tug, laser, and solar collector – have far-reaching dual-use consequences with potential for their weaponisation. Thus, the article argues in favour of greater transparency and surveillance mechanisms for dual-use and arms control. Moreover, the private sector should be involved in discussion since it may be contributing to negotiation processes and can ensure secure research and development, as well as operability of sensitive planetary defence systems.
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