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| 1 |
ID:
161170
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| Summary/Abstract |
Scholars studying Chinese development have long acknowledged the significance of the hukou system in impeding internal migration and defining welfare entitlements. However, another crucial barrier is often overlooked: the incomplete transferability of acquired welfare rights. By examining the case of the Urban Employee Basic Pension System, this paper aims to understand how the limited transferability of acquired rights acts as an obstacle to labour migration and entitlement accomplishment. It also seeks to explore the factors that are accountable for the low level of welfare rights transferability. Our findings suggest that migration and entitlement barriers today may not be so much a question of a particular form of hukou exclusion but more of a problem of insufficient rights portability. An in-depth understanding of the structural constraints of China's reform-era migration and rights attainment needs to take into account the transferability of welfare entitlements for migrant workers, and go beyond a narrow conceptualization of the hukou system per se.
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| 2 |
ID:
149309
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| Summary/Abstract |
In today’s China, over 230 million urban migrants are denied a number of government-funded social benefits which are the basic entitlements of local hukou residents. A conventional justification for this denial is a fiscal burden, since city governments have to shoulder much of the fiscal costs of migration. This article probes whether such denial can be understood by the fiscal capacity of city governments. To develop the understanding, the article estimates expenditure need, calculated as a measure of the cost of providing basic public services for an urban hukou for a sample of 45 cities. It also examines whether local fiscal capacity, based on the comparison of expenditure need with available resources in the given city, can provide equitable and sustainable public services to large and growing migrant populations. The authors find that, although expenditure need per hukou varies considerably between cities, available budgetary resources are not commensurate with expenditure responsibilities in almost all cities. Hukou liberalization requires the central government to play a decisive role in equalizing fiscal capacities between cities.
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| 3 |
ID:
177462
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| 4 |
ID:
192793
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| Summary/Abstract |
Pollutive cooking fuels are a major source of indoor and ambient air pollution. Health issues resulting from pollutive cooking can hinder the rural population from labor market participation and reduce labor supply. With a sizable rural population still reliant on solid fuels, China is experiencing a severe labor supply constraint and a quick switch to clean energy. This study examines the potential effects of using pollutive cooking fuels on the availability of labor in rural areas as well as the potential benefits of switching to clean energy. The results demonstrate that the working hours of rural employees are significantly reduced by the use of polluting cooking fuels, which is a reduction of 0.8% from OLS estimate, 14.8% from IV estimation, and 3.7% from MTE estimation. There is substantial heterogeneity across the white-collar workers and the blue-collar workers, males and females, households with independent kitchens and households without kitchens. The policy-related effects show that either encouraging clean fuel inclination or enhancing clean energy infrastructure can increase rural labor supply by 3%–5%. This study suggests that affordable and accessible clean energy is essential to sustain a sufficient labor supply and reduce labor market inequalities.
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