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| 1 |
ID:
188546
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a regulatory framework based on feed-in tariffs to promote small-scale PV on basis of empirical data for Germany between 2000 to 2021. We show that feed-in tariffs have so far failed to exploit the technical small-scale PV potential evenly across regions. This implies significant differences in the allocation of regulatory benefits and costs associated with the promotion of renewable energy sources, leading to a situation of increasing socioeconomic inequality: few counties benefit strongly and many counties bear the costs. Over the past 20 years, in addition to margin effects due to disproportionately high feed-in tariffs, this inequality has increasingly been driven by steadily rising self-consumption. This leads, on average, to differences of over 40 percent in effective electricity costs between households with and without PV. We conclude that the current regulatory framework is insufficient to bring solar PV up to the needed level and to distribute the associated benefits and costs equitably across households. Based on this, we derive guiding principles of a future regulatory framework that enables more effective scaling of small-scale PV.
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| 2 |
ID:
149873
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The transition from fossil fuels to renewable resources is highly desirable to reduce air pollution, and improve energy efficiency and security. Many observers are concerned, however, that the diffusion of systems based on renewable resources may give rise to energy sprawl, i.e. an increasing occupation of available land to build new energy facilities of this kind. These critics foresee a transition from the traditional fossil-fuel systems, towards a renewable resource system likewise based on large power stations and extensive energy grids. A different approach can be taken to reduce the risk of energy sprawl, and this will happen if the focus is as much on renewable sources as on the introduction of distributed renewable energy systems based on micro plants (photovoltaic panels on the roofs of buildings, micro wind turbines, etc.) and on multiple micro-grids. Policy makers could foster local energy enterprises by: introducing new enabling rules; making more room for contractual communities; simplifying the compliance process; proposing monetary incentives and tax cuts. We conclude that the diffusion of innovation in this field will lead not to an energy sprawl but to a new energy system characterized by a multi-layered density: a combination of technology, organization, and physical development.
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| 3 |
ID:
177400
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In Wallonia, Belgium's southern region, the distribution component of the overall electricity retail tariff is essentially volumetric, i.e. based on the users' energy consumption (in €/kWh). Residential prosumers, moreover, are connected to the grid via a net-metering system. In this paper, we rely on a sophisticated multi-agent tariff simulator – developed in Manuel de Villena et al. (2019, 2020) – calibrated to this specific regional context to model the integration of prosumers into the distribution grid. This simulator enables us to highlight how the emergence of prosumers impacts the distribution network tariff, and to evaluate several tariff reforms currently under discussion: the introduction of a prosumer fee, the introduction of a capacity component and a switch to net-purchasing. Without a change in the metering system, short run reforms can only change the structure of the tariff paid, either to all consumers or to prosumers only. In the long run, especially thanks to smart meters, we consider both the introduction of a net-purchasing system and of a tariff with a capacity component. Our analysis highlights one key added value of smart meters: they allow network tariffs that are fairer and sustainable.
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| 4 |
ID:
169871
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper explores the evolving renewable energy ‘prosumer’ phenomenon in the United Kingdom (UK). It identifies and evaluates how prosumer business models can exist beyond direct subsidy and the range of prosumer business model archetypes currently in operation. Through a series of in-depth interviews and document analysis, the paper identifies the key opportunities and challenges for these innovative energy business models. The analysis shows that recent developments in technology such as the diffusion of smart meters, li-ion batteries, peer-to-peer trading platforms and electric vehicles are opening up a range of new value propositions, which in turn are beginning to be exploited by a range of new business models. In many cases the regulatory, financing and institutional governance landscape of the UK lags behind, however, inhibiting these emerging business models. Moreover, these business models rely on managing a complex set of values for consumers that reach deeper into their lives than traditional tariffs. Thus, successful business models must manage this complexity if they are to be adopted by the disengaged majority. Energy policy and energy practitioners can leverage these emerging trends in service of a low carbon energy transition by adopting ‘ten principles’ of prosumerism; and six UK policy recommendations.
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| 5 |
ID:
191399
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| Summary/Abstract |
In recent years, the increasing popularity of renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies is creating a new movement towards more sustainable communities. Understanding energy consumption is important for the optimisation of resources and the implementation of ecological trends. This paper integrates electricity consumers into a cooperative framework for planning sustainable smart communities through aggregators, which reallocates consumers’ demand according to available renewable energy supply collected from consumers and service providers. The aggregated demand response also includes consumers involved in energy production activities through microgeneration capabilities. A characterisation study of the different types of demand preferences is performed by defining scenarios of communities and consumers’ behaviours, which are validated through a reputation factor. The results show that the system adequately manages demand reallocation following the preferences and contribution of consumers and/or prosumers. Besides, this research analyses the current energy policy concerning demand flexibility, demand aggregation and microgeneration capacity, and their regulations in Spain. Finally, microgeneration acceptance, the role of aggregators and prosumers in the scheduling process is also investigated through a series of surveys.
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| 6 |
ID:
175238
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This paper surveys and assesses the technical and economic features that are crucial in the provision of frequency control services from aggregated household-prosumers. A framework is presented that allows policy makers to accurately assess these services. Furthermore, the role of the service aggregator in the provision from prosumers is outlined, something that highlights the value of the new distributed framework. Also discussed are the key features within the overall context of the design variables in various European countries, which are representative of different synchronous areas. This finding implies that from a regulatory point of view, important efforts are being made to harmonise the different network codes in the investigated countries. Moreover, this research compares the impact of techno-economic design variables on the financial incomes of providing frequency control services. For this purpose, we used a stochastic model of input variables that involves the statistical analysis of time series. A probabilistic method based on Monte Carlo simulation allowed the assessment of the revenues. The outcomes indicate that the RES penetration in each country together with the ratios of the power availability band and of the power availability band activation, and their associated prices are crucial factors that influence the resulting profitability.
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| 7 |
ID:
177120
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| Summary/Abstract |
An industry-supported smart grid pilot on Bruny Island, Australia (2016–2019) trialled the cost-effectiveness and management of consumer-owned energy storage for a potential future grid. Understanding consumer decision-making is pivotal to smart-battery uptake and depends on a relevant value proposition. An in-depth, exploratory case study of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is presented, with the CBA found to be favourable, due to low ongoing costs and the pilot project subsidy. However, some pilot participants remained dissatisfied despite a beneficial CBA. This demonstrates additional logics outside of the CBA methodology. One example explored was the value of battery backup for reliability. Policy learnings include the fact that battery backup is an important value for prosumers in rural contexts. However, battery backup might have value and relevance in urban contexts where energy self-consumption can be maximised (for example, with the addition of electric vehicles). Finally, policy makers might consider smart-battery schemes to provide detailed, transparent, CBA-like data for energy consumers to enable transparency, trust, and more accessible information to assist decision-making processes.
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