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| 1 |
ID:
176115
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| Summary/Abstract |
With the rapid popularization of private cars in China, vehicles have become the primary source of air pollution and traffic congestion in the country. Major cities have successively applied vehicle purchase restrictions to restrict the use of private cars. This paper empirically investigates the environmental effects of vehicle purchase restrictions in six major cities of China, by using the data of daily PM10 concentration at city-level as the major indicator for air pollution. The generalized difference-in-differences model is employed to solve the problems of time inconsistency in policy implementation and discrete changes in policy intensity across cities. The empirical findings show that the restriction policy has significantly slowed down the growth of daily PM10 concentration of the policy-treated cities. Moreover, environmental effects of the policy show certain lags: the treatment effect comes from the second year after the policy implementation, increases significantly in the third year, and reaches another high level in the seventh year. The article argues that the environmental effects result from the induced choice of residents’ reducing the use of private cars and switching to alternative fuel vehicles. Hence, such purchase restriction policies should be complemented by improving the convenience of purchasing and using new-energy vehicles.
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| 2 |
ID:
150801
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| Summary/Abstract |
An increasing block tariff (IBT) has been implemented nationwide in the residential sector in China since 2012. However, knowledge about IBT design is still limited, particularly how to determine the electricity volume for the first block of an IBT scheme. Assuming the first block should be set based on some measure of electricity poverty; we attempt to model household electricity demand such that the range of basic needs can be established. We show that in Chinese households there exists a threshold for electricity consumption with respect to income, which could be considered a measure of electricity poverty, and the threshold differs between rural and urban areas. For rural (urban) families, electricity consumption at the level of 7th (5th) income decile households can be considered the threshold for basic needs or a measure of electricity poverty since household electricity demand in rural (urban) areas does not respond to income changes until after 7th (5th) income decile. Accordingly, the first IBT block for some provinces (e.g., Beijing) appears to have been set at a level that is too high. Over time however, given continued rapid growth, the IBT will begin to better reflect actual basic needs.
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| 3 |
ID:
169856
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| Summary/Abstract |
the literature proposes that a booming minerals sector leads to a development curse. The mineral markets in China experienced a prolonged boom over the period of 2000–2010. We empirically examine the effects of mineral resources on employment in county economies during the boom. We consider the endogeneity of the resource measure and employ an instrumental variables approach to resolve the problem. We find the mining boom exerts a significant “crowding out” effect on the manufacturing employment in mineral-resource-dependent counties, but benefits the employment in services. Because the increase in mining employment is sizeable in a mining boom, the overall employment in the resource-dependent counties has shown a small growth. These results are robust to alternative samples. Our findings confirm the argument that resource booms undermine manufacturing sectors through deindustrialization effects, though little evidence shows the existence of a resource curse in overall employment. We conclude that for a developing economy with rich mineral resources and a large population, it would be hard to following the road of industrialization relying on manufacturing.
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