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| 1 |
ID:
152597
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| Summary/Abstract |
This essay analyzes the diplomacy of the Parliament of Catalonia in the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, Spain, toward the Mediterranean region. In recent years, the academic literature has shown increased interest in the wide range of international activities undertaken by members of parliaments at the subnational level. Yet the academic study on diplomacy of the Parliament of Catalonia remains limited. Because there is a well-rooted tradition of foreign activity in the Catalan political culture, the Parliament of Catalonia has been working consistently in the international sphere. The Mediterranean dimension illustrates the strengths and the weaknesses of such activities.
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| 2 |
ID:
152595
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| Summary/Abstract |
After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, and thanks to the better definition of the actors involved in external relations it provided, the European Parliament (EP) has acquired a greater role in European Union’s (EU’s) foreign policy and increased its ability to deal with countries outside the EU using existing interparliamentary meetings. This evolution of the EP has occurred while other important and related developments were taking place: the emergence of a global terrorist threat and the so-called Arab Spring, which has spanned most Arab countries since 2011. This essay aims at understanding how the EP’s diplomacy reacted to the challenge of balancing the promotion of EU values with the need for cooperation for security and stability. It uses as a case study the EP’s relations with southern Mediterranean countries (SMCs). First, a general overview of the counterterrorist activities laid down by the EP toward SMCs is provided. Then the essay focuses on the activity of EP’s delegations with the Maghreb and the Mashreq, with reference to cooperation on counterterrorism with Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Finally, concluding remarks compare the general EU approach to counterterrorism in SMCs with that of the EP, discussing some existing criticisms and highlighting that the EP proved to be a coherent actor toward SMCs.
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| 3 |
ID:
152592
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The theory and practice of diplomacy has evolved greatly over the past few decades. Parliamentary diplomacy has become common practice, although there is an academic gap in its study, especially in the case of France. This essay aims to filling that gap: it shows how French parliamentarians have been active in foreign policy. First, they used the new concept of “responsibility to protect„ (R2P) in 2011 over Libya. Then, in the case of Syria, their main focus was on reacting to the 2013 use of chemical weapons by the Bashar al-Assad regime. Later still, after several Daesh terrorist attacks in Paris, they moved on to emphasize the right of “self-defense.”
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| 4 |
ID:
152591
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| Summary/Abstract |
Following the end of the Cold War and the appearance of globalization and new forms of regionalization, new actors have emerged in world politics and changed the traditional practice of diplomacy. New forms of diplomacy range from economic diplomacy to paradiplomacy, cultural diplomacy, or even celebrity diplomacy. Parliamentary diplomacy has also developed its influence in this new world, and there is now a clear “parliamentarization” of world politics. This phenomenon resulted from democratization, globalization, regionalization, and technological developments. There are now three different perspectives on diplomacy: statist (the state speaks with one voice), globalist (the growth of nonstate diplomacy), and postglobalist (combining both state-centric and multicentric realities). This essay falls clearly within the last of these three possibilities. It focuses on the growth of parliamentary diplomacy in the Mediterranean Basin.
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| 5 |
ID:
152596
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| Summary/Abstract |
The literature includes numerous analyses of the role played by regional organizations during the Arab Spring. However, the emerging role played by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), as the only truly intraregional pan-Mediterranean institution, has not been sufficiently explored. This essay helps fill this gap by assessing the parliamentary diplomacy activities performed by PAM vis-à-vis the Arab Spring countries between 2011 and 2016. A comparative perspective is adopted, using the literature on the European Parliament (EP) as the point of reference. This approach allows one to grasp how the EP and PAM have reacted to common problems and challenges affecting the Mediterranean and identifies possible overlaps and divisions of labor between the two international parliamentary institutions.
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| 6 |
ID:
152594
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the literature dealing with parliamentary diplomacy, the role that the European Parliament (EP) can play in the formation and conduct of European Union (EU) foreign policy is intensively studied. Yet analyses thus far have not dealt with how the EP can urge the EU and its member states to ensure foreign policy coherence. The essay aims to fill this gap. It draws on empirical data from the EP’s approach toward the Israel-Palestine conflict and aims to identify the ways the EP, although not directly and officially in charge of ensuring EU coherence, can contribute to promoting coherence in the EU’s foreign policy.
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| 7 |
ID:
152593
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| Summary/Abstract |
The essay contributes to the scholarship on parliamentary diplomacy in the Mediterranean region through the lens of a small state: Slovenia. We argue that, because of limited resources, small states need to diversify their means of foreign policy to make their voices heard. Parliamentary diplomacy is a useful tool for representing Slovenian positions abroad. It enables focus on selected issues on the international agenda chosen together with the government and establishes continuous expert knowledge at the senior levels of parliament. However, it also exposes a small state’s limited capability to provide support for the parliament’s external relations. With specific reference to the Mediterranean, we find that there is considerable room for improvement, even with some evident obstacles, such as the lack of continuity in parliamentary representation.
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