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| 1 |
ID:
157184
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| Summary/Abstract |
The political and economic climate in China has changed often and wildly since the country's space programme was founded. Nevertheless the programme has remained remarkably stable and achieved major successes. This article traces the programme's history in the context of the four major periods through which it has lived and offers an explanation of why and how it has survived so well: high-level government support, international prestige and committed personnel. The recent Tiananmen turmoil has not dimmed its progress and the programme looks set both to advance its space commercialization efforts in the short term and to develop a manned capability in the long term.
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| 2 |
ID:
155392
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article has four points of contention. First, it argues that time is ripe for the Japanese model of ODA (Official Development Assistance) to work in Africa. The recent positive changes seem to be creating an enabling environment in Africa for the Japanese model of ODA—an economic-development oriented ODA that once has contributed to the dynamic development of Asia—to work, at least in some African countries and in some areas. Second, it is contended that despite recent positive changes, Africa is still faced with huge developmental challenges, and Japan is ready to support its African partners especially in agriculture, industry, human resource development and in nurturing political stability and security, while taking advantage of its strengths and traditions. Third, the changes happening in Japan, combined with those happening in Africa, are opening a new era of Afro-Nippon cooperation, which is much more broad-based and encompassing wider areas of cooperation. And fourth, it concludes by arguing that what Japan has been doing and what it intends to do in and for Africa must be taken not in the context of diplomatic rivalry between Japan and other actors but in the context of Japan’s willingness to fulfill its international responsibilities and hence to serve its broad and long-term national interests.
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