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ID:
155724
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| Summary/Abstract |
As with most U.S. submarine operations in the Atlantic during the Second World War, those off the Panama Canal have been ignored by historians. This is not difficult to understand given that the main battles fought by submariners in the Canal Zone, as documented here, were against the deficiencies of their boats rather than the enemy. Despite the undoubted importance of the Canal to the war effort, the heavy demands for U.S. submarines elsewhere meant that those boats assigned to Coco Solo tended to be the most decrepit. While submarine patrols off the Panama Canal may have contributed to a greater sense of security, they contributed little tangible against the enemy. Nevertheless, these patrols helped to train significant numbers of men for the burgeoning submarine service and laid the groundwork for the later success of some submarine commanders. By highlighting some of the shortcomings of air patrols off the Canal, they possibly contributed to more effective air defences as well.
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| 2 |
ID:
171685
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| Summary/Abstract |
Although Bulgaria was inducted into the Axis, the country managed craftily to avoid sending military contingents against Soviet Russia. Instead, the Bulgarian army sent multiple groups of officers to the German-Soviet front. An instrumental figure was the Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant-General Konstantin Lukash, who ‘went East’ in 1941. The Bulgarian officers were received at a high level in two Army Groups, complimented and treated with respect throughout. Nevertheless, they witnessed the horror of the German occupation of the USSR. After 1945, Lukash’s unpublished diary was buried in an archive. This article presents new archival evidence to show that the status of Bulgaria as a complete non-belligerent should be reconsidered to a limited degree.
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