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| 1 |
ID:
155836
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| Summary/Abstract |
Extant literature documents a relationship between military deployment and the risk of an international terrorist attack against citizens of the deploying country. It appears that deployment significantly increases the possibility of terrorist actions in the home country. In particular, if country A decides to send troops to nation B, then citizens of the former country are more likely to fall victim of an attack carried out by a terrorist organisation originating from the latter country. Contributing to this line of literature, we further refine this relationship by distinguishing between regions where the troops are sent as well as by introducing differences between types of deployment. Our results indicate that missions to Asia and the Middle East are more dangerous than missions to other regions as reflected by the terrorist threat in the home country. Robustness tests do however show that the significance of the location variable Asia is predominantly attributed to the mission to Afghanistan. As for types of deployment, only ad hoc missions seem to increase the risk of an attack, whereas no significant results are found for other missions such as operations under UN and NATO flag. Leaving out the missions to Iraq and Afghanistan however also increases the danger resulting from missions by fixed coalitions. Our results find however no evidence that ‘wearing a blue helmet’ increases the probability of a terrorist attack at home.
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| 2 |
ID:
170282
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| Summary/Abstract |
The body bag syndrome is often described as a casualty aversion that decreases public support of participation in military missions. As policymakers believe in the body bag syndrome, they may adapt their foreign policy accordingly, leading to reduced willingness to supply personnel. This article seeks empirical evidence for the existence of the body bag syndrome, or the influence of casualties on the decision to remain engaged in a UN peacekeeping mission (PKO). A dataset containing all UN peacekeeping missions of OECD countries is set up for a period of 1996 to 2014, specifically focussing on decisions during ongoing missions. To capture the body bag syndrome, the casualties a country incurs during the previous year are included into an existing model for the supply of peacekeepers. The results show no evidence on the body bag syndrome for both the level of total casualties and casualties due to malicious acts, but casualties due to illnesses cause a reduction in personnel supplied to the mission. Other determinants which explain why countries remain engaged in a mission are mostly related to the conflict or the mission.
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